/**
 * Name Matcher
 *
 * Handles symbol name matching for reference resolution.
 */

import { Language, Node } from '../types';
import { UnresolvedRef, ResolvedRef, ResolutionContext } from './types';

/**
 * Ceiling on how many same-named definitions a FUZZY name-match strategy will
 * score. A name defined more times than this is "ubiquitous" — a method/symbol
 * re-declared across a vendored theme or SDK (e.g. `init`/`update`/`render` on
 * every widget of a committed Metronic theme — #999). No directory-proximity or
 * receiver-word-overlap score can reliably pick THE one true target among
 * thousands, so the fuzzy strategies (matchByExactName's findBestMatch, and
 * matchMethodCall Strategy 3) decline above the ceiling instead of emitting a
 * low-confidence, almost-certainly-wrong edge. This also caps their per-ref cost
 * at O(ceiling): without it, K same-named refs each scored K candidates — the
 * O(K²) blow-up that pinned a core for 15-28 min at "Resolving refs … 94%" on a
 * repo vendoring a large JS/TS theme (#999). The PRECISE strategies are
 * unaffected: qualified-name, import-based, and class-name (Strategy 1/2)
 * resolution all still run and resolve a ubiquitous name when the context names
 * its exact target. Real repos top out near ~40 same-named methods, so a normal
 * codebase never reaches this; only bulk-vendored code does. Tune via
 * `CODEGRAPH_AMBIGUOUS_NAME_CEILING`.
 */
const DEFAULT_AMBIGUOUS_NAME_CEILING = 500;
function resolveAmbiguousNameCeiling(): number {
  const raw = process.env.CODEGRAPH_AMBIGUOUS_NAME_CEILING;
  if (!raw) return DEFAULT_AMBIGUOUS_NAME_CEILING;
  const parsed = Number.parseInt(raw, 10);
  return Number.isFinite(parsed) && parsed > 0 ? parsed : DEFAULT_AMBIGUOUS_NAME_CEILING;
}
const AMBIGUOUS_NAME_CEILING = resolveAmbiguousNameCeiling();

/**
 * Try to resolve a path-like reference (e.g., "snippets/drawer-menu.liquid")
 * by matching the filename against file nodes.
 */
export function matchByFilePath(
  ref: UnresolvedRef,
  context: ResolutionContext
): ResolvedRef | null {
  // Path-like (`a/b.liquid`) OR a bare filename ending in a short extension
  // (`Foo.h` — an Objective-C `#import "Foo.h"`, resolved to the header by
  // basename). A bare ref WITHOUT an extension is a symbol name, not a file, so
  // leave it to the symbol-matching strategies.
  if (!ref.referenceName.includes('/') && !/\.[A-Za-z][A-Za-z0-9]{0,3}$/.test(ref.referenceName)) {
    return null;
  }

  // Extract the filename from the path
  const fileName = ref.referenceName.split('/').pop();
  if (!fileName) return null;

  // Search for file nodes with this name
  const candidates = context.getNodesByName(fileName);
  const fileNodes = candidates.filter(n => n.kind === 'file');

  if (fileNodes.length === 0) return null;

  // Prefer exact path match on qualified_name
  const exactMatch = fileNodes.find(n => n.qualifiedName === ref.referenceName || n.filePath === ref.referenceName);
  if (exactMatch) {
    return {
      original: ref,
      targetNodeId: exactMatch.id,
      confidence: 0.95,
      resolvedBy: 'file-path',
    };
  }

  // Fall back to suffix match (e.g., ref="snippets/foo.liquid" matches
  // "src/snippets/foo.liquid"). When several files share the basename — a
  // `#include "RNCAsyncStorage.h"` with a same-named header on another platform
  // (windows/code/ vs apple/) — prefer the one in the includer's own directory,
  // then by directory proximity / same language family. A C/C++ include (and any
  // bare-filename import) resolves relative to the including file, not to an
  // arbitrary same-named header elsewhere in the tree.
  const suffixMatches = fileNodes.filter(
    n => n.qualifiedName.endsWith(ref.referenceName) || n.filePath.endsWith(ref.referenceName)
  );
  if (suffixMatches.length > 0) {
    return {
      original: ref,
      targetNodeId: pickClosestFileNode(suffixMatches, ref).id,
      confidence: 0.85,
      resolvedBy: 'file-path',
    };
  }

  // If only one file node with this name, use it with lower confidence
  if (fileNodes.length === 1) {
    return {
      original: ref,
      targetNodeId: fileNodes[0]!.id,
      confidence: 0.7,
      resolvedBy: 'file-path',
    };
  }

  return null;
}

/**
 * Among several file nodes that all match a bare include/import by basename,
 * pick the one closest to the referencing file: same directory first, then by
 * directory-tree proximity, with the same language family as a tiebreak. A
 * C/C++ `#include "X.h"` (and any bare-filename import) resolves relative to the
 * including file — not to an arbitrary same-named header on another platform.
 */
function pickClosestFileNode(candidates: Node[], ref: UnresolvedRef): Node {
  const dirOf = (p: string): string => {
    const i = p.lastIndexOf('/');
    return i >= 0 ? p.slice(0, i) : '';
  };
  const refDir = dirOf(ref.filePath);
  const sameDir = candidates.filter((c) => dirOf(c.filePath) === refDir);
  const pool = sameDir.length > 0 ? sameDir : candidates;
  let best = pool[0]!;
  let bestScore = -Infinity;
  for (const c of pool) {
    const score =
      computePathProximity(ref.filePath, c.filePath) +
      (sameLanguageFamily(c.language, ref.language) ? 5 : 0);
    if (score > bestScore) {
      bestScore = score;
      best = c;
    }
  }
  return best;
}

/**
 * Language families that share a type system / runtime, so a same-language-only
 * reference may still resolve across them (a Kotlin `Foo.BAR` can name a Java
 * `Foo`). Anything not listed forms its own singleton family.
 */
const LANGUAGE_FAMILY: Record<string, string> = {
  java: 'jvm', kotlin: 'jvm', scala: 'jvm',
  swift: 'apple', objc: 'apple',
  // ArkTS is a TS superset — every HarmonyOS project mixes `.ets` UI with
  // `.ts` logic modules, so refs must cross freely between them.
  typescript: 'web', tsx: 'web', javascript: 'web', jsx: 'web', arkts: 'web',
  c: 'c', cpp: 'c',
  // Razor/Blazor markup names C# types — same family so `@model Foo` /
  // `<MyComponent/>` resolve to their `.cs` class through the cross-family gate.
  csharp: 'dotnet', razor: 'dotnet',
};
export function sameLanguageFamily(a: string, b: string): boolean {
  if (a === b) return true;
  const fa = LANGUAGE_FAMILY[a];
  return fa !== undefined && fa === LANGUAGE_FAMILY[b];
}
/**
 * True when `lang` belongs to a known multi-language family (jvm/apple/web/c).
 * Languages not listed (php, python, go, ruby, rust, dart, …) and config
 * formats (yaml/xml/blade) form their own singleton families and return
 * `false` — used to leave config↔code framework bridges (whose config side is
 * never a known programming-language family) out of the cross-family gate.
 */
export function isKnownLanguageFamily(lang: string): boolean {
  return LANGUAGE_FAMILY[lang] !== undefined;
}
/**
 * True when `a` and `b` are two DIFFERENT *known* language families — the
 * signature of a coincidental cross-language name collision (a TS `import
 * React` matching a Swift `import React`, a C++ `#include "X.h"` matching a
 * same-named ObjC header on another platform). The both-*known* test is
 * deliberately weaker than {@link sameLanguageFamily}'s negation: a
 * single-file-component language that carries its own tag (`vue`/`svelte`)
 * importing a `.ts` module, or any singleton-family language (php/go/ruby/…),
 * returns `false` here and is left alone.
 */
export function crossesKnownFamily(a: string, b: string): boolean {
  return isKnownLanguageFamily(a) && isKnownLanguageFamily(b) && !sameLanguageFamily(a, b);
}
/**
 * Drop cross-language candidates from a name lookup. Two regimes:
 *  - `references` (type-usage): a type named in language X resolves to a
 *    SAME-family type, never a coincidentally same-named symbol in another
 *    language (the Android `BatteryManager` system class vs a JS one). Strict
 *    same-family filter — cross-language communication is `calls`, not refs.
 *  - `imports` (import binding): an `import`/`#include` never crosses two
 *    KNOWN families (TS `import React` ↮ Swift `import React`). Weaker
 *    both-known filter so `.vue`/`.svelte` (own tag) importing `.ts` survives.
 */
function applyLanguageGate(candidates: Node[], ref: UnresolvedRef): Node[] {
  if (ref.referenceKind === 'references' || ref.referenceKind === 'function_ref') {
    return candidates.filter((c) => sameLanguageFamily(c.language, ref.language));
  }
  if (ref.referenceKind === 'imports') {
    return candidates.filter((c) => !crossesKnownFamily(c.language, ref.language));
  }
  return candidates;
}

/**
 * Resolve a function-as-value reference (#756) — a function name used as a
 * callback/function-pointer value (`register(handler)`, `o->cb = handler`,
 * `{ .cb = handler }`, `signal(SIGINT, handler)`). The ONLY strategy allowed
 * for `function_ref` refs: exact name, function/method targets only, same
 * language family, same-file first, and cross-file only when the match is
 * UNIQUE. No fuzzy fallback, no qualified-name walking — a wrong callback
 * edge is worse than none.
 */
export function matchFunctionRef(
  ref: UnresolvedRef,
  context: ResolutionContext
): ResolvedRef | null {
  // `this.<member>` refs are resolved ONLY by the class-scoped resolver in
  // resolveOne (resolveThisMemberFnRef) — never by name matching here.
  if (ref.referenceName.startsWith('this.')) return null;

  // In JS/TS/Python a bare identifier can never be a method value (methods
  // are only reachable through a receiver — `this.m` / `self.m` /
  // `Cls.m`), so bare fn-refs match FUNCTIONS only. This also sidesteps the
  // pre-existing TS quirk of class fields extracting as method-kind nodes,
  // which otherwise soaked up local names passed as arguments (excalidraw
  // A/B finding; same pattern in vendored docopt.py). Python's `self.m`
  // form keeps method targets via its own capture shape. C++ likewise: a
  // bare identifier can only be a FREE function (member values need
  // `&Cls::method`). PHP string callables name global FUNCTIONS (methods
  // need the `[$obj, 'm']` array form, which carries its own shape). Other
  // languages keep method targets: C# method groups, Swift/Dart
  // implicit-self, Java/Kotlin method references.
  const bareFnOnly =
    ref.language === 'typescript' || ref.language === 'tsx' ||
    ref.language === 'javascript' || ref.language === 'jsx' ||
    ref.language === 'arkts' ||
    ref.language === 'cpp' || ref.language === 'python' ||
    ref.language === 'php';

  // Python additionally accepts CLASS targets for bare identifiers (#1478):
  // class-as-value is a core Python idiom (`return SomeSerializer`,
  // `Meta.model = Org`, registry dicts, `admin.site.register(Model, Admin)`)
  // and, unlike TS, Python has no type-annotation recovery path. The
  // false-positive mechanism behind the function-only rule was lowercase
  // locals colliding with same-named METHODS (docopt.py) — a candidate must
  // be an exact-name CLASS node here, and the extraction gate (same-file
  // class ∪ imports) plus unique-or-drop still apply. Methods stay excluded.
  const bareClassOk = ref.language === 'python';

  // Qualified member-pointer (`&Widget::on_click` → "Widget::on_click"):
  // resolve the member ON THAT SCOPE — exempt from bareFnOnly (the `&Cls::m`
  // shape is an explicit member reference). Unique-or-drop like everything else.
  if (ref.referenceName.includes('::')) {
    const memberName = ref.referenceName.slice(ref.referenceName.lastIndexOf('::') + 2);
    const scoped = context
      .getNodesByName(memberName)
      .filter(
        (n) =>
          (n.kind === 'function' || n.kind === 'method') &&
          sameLanguageFamily(n.language, ref.language) &&
          n.id !== ref.fromNodeId &&
          (n.qualifiedName === ref.referenceName ||
            n.qualifiedName.endsWith(`::${ref.referenceName}`))
      );
    if (scoped.length === 0) return null;
    const sameFileScoped = scoped.filter((n) => n.filePath === ref.filePath);
    const pool = sameFileScoped.length > 0 ? sameFileScoped : scoped;
    if (sameFileScoped.length === 0 && scoped.length > 1) return null;
    const target = pool.reduce((a, b) => (a.startLine <= b.startLine ? a : b));
    return {
      original: ref,
      targetNodeId: target.id,
      confidence: 0.9,
      resolvedBy: 'function-ref',
    };
  }

  let candidates = context
    .getNodesByName(ref.referenceName)
    .filter(
      (n) =>
        (n.kind === 'function' ||
          (!bareFnOnly && n.kind === 'method') ||
          (bareClassOk && n.kind === 'class')) &&
        sameLanguageFamily(n.language, ref.language) &&
        n.id !== ref.fromNodeId // a function registering itself is not a dependency edge
    );
  if (candidates.length === 0) return null;

  // Swift implicit-self: a bare identifier can name a METHOD only of the
  // ENCLOSING type (`Button(action: handleTap)` written inside that type) —
  // a same-named method on any OTHER class is a parameter collision
  // (Alamofire: a `request` parameter resolving to EventMonitor::request).
  // Scope method candidates to the from-symbol's type; top-level code has no
  // implicit self, so method targets are excluded there entirely. Free
  // functions are unaffected.
  if (ref.language === 'swift' && candidates.some((n) => n.kind === 'method')) {
    const fromNode = context.getNodeById?.(ref.fromNodeId);
    const sep = fromNode ? fromNode.qualifiedName.lastIndexOf('::') : -1;
    const classPrefix = fromNode && sep > 0 ? fromNode.qualifiedName.slice(0, sep) : null;
    candidates = candidates.filter((n) => {
      if (n.kind !== 'method') return true;
      if (!classPrefix) return false;
      const mSep = n.qualifiedName.lastIndexOf('::');
      if (mSep <= 0) return false;
      const methodPrefix = n.qualifiedName.slice(0, mSep);
      // Accept exact-scope matches plus suffix relationships either way, so
      // extension-declared members (`Holder::m`) still match a nested
      // from-scope (`Module::Holder::wire`) and vice versa.
      return (
        methodPrefix === classPrefix ||
        methodPrefix.endsWith(`::${classPrefix}`) ||
        classPrefix.endsWith(`::${methodPrefix}`)
      );
    });
    if (candidates.length === 0) return null;
  }

  // Same-file definition wins — the extraction gate guarantees most survivors
  // have one, and it's the dominant C pattern (static callback registered in
  // a same-file ops struct).
  const sameFile = candidates.filter((n) => n.filePath === ref.filePath);
  if (sameFile.length > 0) {
    // Swift: several same-named METHODS in one file is an API overload family
    // (`Session.request(...)` × N), and a bare identifier hitting it is almost
    // always a same-named parameter, not a method value (Alamofire A/B
    // finding) — refuse rather than guess. A single method (SwiftUI's
    // `action: handleTap`) still resolves.
    if (
      ref.language === 'swift' &&
      sameFile.length > 1 &&
      sameFile.every((n) => n.kind === 'method')
    ) {
      return null;
    }
    // Same-name overloads in one file are the same conceptual symbol; pick
    // the first by position for determinism.
    const target = sameFile.reduce((a, b) => (a.startLine <= b.startLine ? a : b));
    return {
      original: ref,
      targetNodeId: target.id,
      confidence: sameFile.length === 1 ? 0.95 : 0.9,
      resolvedBy: 'function-ref',
    };
  }

  // Cross-file (imported names the import resolver didn't already claim):
  // only an unambiguous match resolves.
  if (candidates.length === 1) {
    return {
      original: ref,
      targetNodeId: candidates[0]!.id,
      confidence: 0.8,
      resolvedBy: 'function-ref',
    };
  }
  return null;
}

/**
 * A function nested inside another FUNCTION is only callable from within its
 * container — Python, JS/TS, and every closure language scope it lexically.
 * Resolving a bare name from elsewhere to a nested local fabricates an edge
 * scope already rules out: `join(...)` in one function must never bind to a
 * `join` defined inside a DIFFERENT function (#1230). A candidate whose
 * qualifiedName parent is a same-file function/method is kept only when the
 * ref originates inside that parent's line range. Class members are
 * unaffected (their parent resolves to a class-like node), as are top-level
 * symbols and C++ namespace-prefixed names (the prefix has no node).
 */
function isLexicallyReachable(
  candidate: Node,
  ref: UnresolvedRef,
  context: ResolutionContext
): boolean {
  if (candidate.kind !== 'function') return true;
  const qn = candidate.qualifiedName;
  if (!qn || !qn.includes('::')) return true;
  const parentQn = qn.slice(0, qn.lastIndexOf('::'));
  const containers = context
    .getNodesByQualifiedName(parentQn)
    .filter(
      (p) =>
        p.filePath === candidate.filePath &&
        (p.kind === 'function' || p.kind === 'method') &&
        p.startLine <= candidate.startLine &&
        p.endLine >= candidate.endLine
    );
  if (containers.length === 0) return true;
  return (
    ref.filePath === candidate.filePath &&
    containers.some((p) => ref.line >= p.startLine && ref.line <= p.endLine)
  );
}

/**
 * Try to resolve a reference by exact name match
 */
export function matchByExactName(
  ref: UnresolvedRef,
  context: ResolutionContext
): ResolvedRef | null {
  // `import`-kind nodes are import STATEMENTS, not definitions, so a reference
  // resolving to a sibling file's `import` is a meaningless edge — the real
  // import→definition resolution is the import resolver's job (resolveViaImport),
  // never name-matching here. Excluding them also removes a quadratic blow-up:
  // a ubiquitous package (`react`, `@superset-ui/core`, Python `logging`/`typing`)
  // is re-declared as an `import` node in every file that imports it, so K
  // unresolved import refs each scored K same-named import candidates through
  // findBestMatch — O(K²) per package, the dominant cost of "Resolving refs" on
  // large import-heavy (front-end + back-end) repos (#915).
  const candidates = applyLanguageGate(context.getNodesByName(ref.referenceName), ref)
    .filter((n) => n.kind !== 'import')
    // Nested locals are only reachable from inside their container (#1230).
    .filter((n) => isLexicallyReachable(n, ref, context));

  if (candidates.length === 0) {
    return null;
  }

  // If only one match, use it — but penalize cross-language matches
  if (candidates.length === 1) {
    const isCrossLanguage = candidates[0]!.language !== ref.language;
    return {
      original: ref,
      targetNodeId: candidates[0]!.id,
      confidence: isCrossLanguage ? 0.5 : 0.9,
      resolvedBy: 'exact-match',
    };
  }

  // Ubiquitous-name ceiling (#999): above it, picking one target among K
  // same-named defs by directory proximity is unreliable AND O(K) per ref — the
  // quadratic behind the "Resolving refs" wedge on theme/SDK-vendoring repos.
  // Decline; the precise strategies (qualified-name, import, class-name) already
  // ran. Falls through to fuzzy, which itself only resolves a UNIQUE candidate.
  if (candidates.length > AMBIGUOUS_NAME_CEILING) {
    return null;
  }

  // Multiple matches - try to narrow down
  const bestMatch = findBestMatch(ref, candidates, context);
  if (bestMatch) {
    // Lower confidence when the match is from a distant/unrelated module
    const proximity = computePathProximity(ref.filePath, bestMatch.filePath);
    const confidence = proximity >= 30 ? 0.7 : 0.4;
    return {
      original: ref,
      targetNodeId: bestMatch.id,
      confidence,
      resolvedBy: 'exact-match',
    };
  }

  return null;
}

/**
 * Try to resolve by qualified name
 */
export function matchByQualifiedName(
  ref: UnresolvedRef,
  context: ResolutionContext
): ResolvedRef | null {
  // Check if the reference name looks qualified (contains :: or .)
  if (!ref.referenceName.includes('::') && !ref.referenceName.includes('.')) {
    return null;
  }

  // A method call `receiver.method()` can share an exact qualified name with a
  // config-file key: `service.process()` (a `calls` ref named `service.process`)
  // vs the yaml key `service.process`. Config keys are bound to their code refs
  // upstream by the framework resolvers (`@Value` → `references`); a `calls` ref
  // must never resolve to a yaml/properties config node — that's a wrong edge
  // AND it hides the real callee. Drop those from both the exact and the partial
  // candidate sets so resolution falls through to method resolution below (#1180).
  const keepForRef = (nodes: Node[]): Node[] =>
    ref.referenceKind === 'calls'
      ? nodes.filter(
          (n) => !(n.kind === 'constant' && (n.language === 'yaml' || n.language === 'properties')),
        )
      : nodes;

  const candidates = keepForRef(context.getNodesByQualifiedName(ref.referenceName));

  if (candidates.length === 1) {
    return {
      original: ref,
      targetNodeId: candidates[0]!.id,
      confidence: 0.95,
      resolvedBy: 'qualified-name',
    };
  }

  // Several symbols share this exact qualified name (e.g. `Logger::log` declared
  // in two files — an ODR clash or separate translation units): prefer the one
  // in the call site's own file before the partial-match fallback below, else
  // the first-indexed def wins and a call in `b/svc` targets `a/svc` (#1079).
  if (candidates.length > 1) {
    const ordered = preferCallSiteFile(candidates, ref.filePath);
    if (ordered[0]!.filePath === ref.filePath) {
      return {
        original: ref,
        targetNodeId: ordered[0]!.id,
        confidence: 0.95,
        resolvedBy: 'qualified-name',
      };
    }
  }

  // Try partial qualified name match — again preferring the call site's own
  // file when more than one symbol's qualifiedName ends with the reference.
  const parts = ref.referenceName.split(/[:.]/);
  const lastName = parts[parts.length - 1];
  if (lastName) {
    const partialCandidates = keepForRef(context.getNodesByName(lastName))
      .filter((candidate) => candidate.qualifiedName.endsWith(ref.referenceName));
    const chosen = preferCallSiteFile(partialCandidates, ref.filePath)[0];
    if (chosen) {
      return {
        original: ref,
        targetNodeId: chosen.id,
        confidence: 0.85,
        resolvedBy: 'qualified-name',
      };
    }
  }

  return null;
}

/**
 * When a symbol name is ambiguous across files, prefer the candidate(s) declared
 * in the call site's own file, keeping the rest in their original order (#1079).
 * A same-file definition is the strongest language-agnostic signal for which of
 * several same-named symbols a call means; without it, resolution collapses onto
 * whichever was indexed first, so a call in `b/svc` wrongly targets `a/svc`.
 * No-op when there are <2 candidates or none share the call site's file.
 */
export function preferCallSiteFile(nodes: Node[], callSiteFile: string): Node[] {
  if (nodes.length < 2) return nodes;
  const same: Node[] = [];
  const other: Node[] = [];
  for (const n of nodes) {
    if (n.filePath === callSiteFile) same.push(n);
    else other.push(n);
  }
  return same.length ? [...same, ...other] : nodes;
}

/**
 * Languages whose object literals declare callable members — `export const
 * api = { call() {…}, get: () => {…} }` used as a namespace (#1573).
 */
const OBJECT_LITERAL_LANGUAGES = new Set<string>(['typescript', 'tsx', 'javascript', 'jsx', 'arkts']);

/** True when `inner`'s source range lies within `outer`'s (lines, then columns on a shared line). */
function rangeWithin(inner: Node, outer: Node): boolean {
  const innerEnd = inner.endLine ?? inner.startLine;
  const outerEnd = outer.endLine ?? outer.startLine;
  if (inner.startLine < outer.startLine || innerEnd > outerEnd) return false;
  if (inner.startLine === outer.startLine && inner.startColumn < outer.startColumn) return false;
  if (innerEnd === outerEnd && inner.endColumn > outer.endColumn) return false;
  return true;
}

function sameRange(a: Node, b: Node): boolean {
  return (
    a.startLine === b.startLine &&
    a.startColumn === b.startColumn &&
    (a.endLine ?? a.startLine) === (b.endLine ?? b.startLine) &&
    a.endColumn === b.endColumn
  );
}

/**
 * Resolve `container.member` where `container` is a VALUE holding an object
 * literal — `export const api = { call() {…}, get: () => {…} }` used as the
 * module's namespace (#1573). The members are extracted as plain functions
 * with BARE qualified names inside the constant's source extent (there is no
 * `api::call`), so neither the `Container::member` lookup the class-shaped
 * kinds use (#825) nor the declared-type inference for singleton instances
 * (#1292) can reach them, and every such call resolved to nothing — or, via
 * an import, to the constant itself. This looks the member up by CONTAINMENT:
 * a node named `member` whose range lies inside the container's, in the
 * container's own file. A helper declared inside a member's body is not a
 * member and is skipped; nothing else in the file can donate a match. Calls
 * take callable kinds only; other references accept value members too.
 */
export function resolveObjectLiteralMember(
  container: Node,
  member: string,
  ref: UnresolvedRef,
  context: ResolutionContext,
  confidence: number,
  resolvedBy: ResolvedRef['resolvedBy'],
): ResolvedRef | null {
  if (container.kind !== 'constant' && container.kind !== 'variable') return null;
  if (!OBJECT_LITERAL_LANGUAGES.has(container.language)) return null;
  if (!sameLanguageFamily(container.language, ref.language)) return null;

  const inFile = context.getNodesInFile(container.filePath);
  const callable = (n: Node) => n.kind === 'function' || n.kind === 'method';
  const valueMember = (n: Node) =>
    callable(n) || n.kind === 'property' || n.kind === 'variable' || n.kind === 'constant';
  const accepts = ref.referenceKind === 'calls' ? callable : valueMember;

  const inside = inFile.filter((n) => n.id !== container.id && rangeWithin(n, container));
  let candidates = inside.filter((n) => n.name === member && accepts(n));
  if (candidates.length === 0) return null;

  // Drop a candidate nested inside ANOTHER callable's body within the literal
  // (`{ run() { const call = () => {}; } }` — `call` is `run`'s local, not a
  // member). Strict containment: an identically-ranged sibling node for the
  // same member (a property node over an arrow function) is not a body.
  const bodies = inside.filter(callable);
  candidates = candidates.filter(
    (c) => !bodies.some((b) => b.id !== c.id && !sameRange(b, c) && rangeWithin(c, b))
  );
  if (candidates.length === 0) return null;

  // Several survivors (a property AND a function for one arrow member, say):
  // a callable first, then the earliest in source order.
  candidates.sort((a, b) => {
    const ca = callable(a) ? 0 : 1;
    const cb = callable(b) ? 0 : 1;
    if (ca !== cb) return ca - cb;
    return a.startLine - b.startLine || a.startColumn - b.startColumn;
  });
  return {
    original: ref,
    targetNodeId: candidates[0]!.id,
    confidence,
    resolvedBy,
  };
}

// Exported for the precedence unit tests (#1079): they assert the
// preferredFqn → same-file → matches[0] ordering directly.
export function resolveMethodOnType(
  typeName: string,
  methodName: string,
  ref: UnresolvedRef,
  context: ResolutionContext,
  confidence: number,
  resolvedBy: ResolvedRef['resolvedBy'],
  /**
   * Optional FQN that identifies WHICH class declaration `typeName`
   * refers to in the caller's file. When multiple candidates share
   * the same qualifiedName (`FooConverter::convert` in both
   * `dao/converter/` and `service/converter/`), the FQN's
   * file-path-suffix picks the right one — the disambiguation
   * signal Java imports carry but the call site doesn't (#314).
   */
  preferredFqn?: string,
  /** Recursion guard for the supertype/conformance walk. */
  depth = 0,
): ResolvedRef | null {
  // Look up methods by name and match by qualifiedName ending in
  // `<typeName>::<methodName>`. This works whether the method is defined
  // in-class (`class Foo { int bar() { ... } }`) or out-of-line in a separate
  // file (`int Foo::bar() { ... }` in foo.cpp while class Foo is in foo.hpp).
  // The previous same-file approach missed the latter — the typical C++ layout.
  // Prefer the context's per-(type, method) memo: the raw name lookup fetches
  // EVERY node sharing the method name — tens of thousands of rows for a
  // collision-heavy Java name like `execute` — and re-filtering that per ref
  // was a dominant term in the #1122 watchdog kill on large repos. Only the
  // ref-independent filter is memoized; per-ref disambiguation stays below.
  let matches: Node[];
  if (context.getMethodMatches) {
    matches = context.getMethodMatches(typeName, methodName, ref.language);
  } else {
    const methodCandidates = context.getNodesByName(methodName);
    const want = `${typeName}::${methodName}`;
    matches = [];
    for (const m of methodCandidates) {
      if (m.kind !== 'method') continue;
      if (m.language !== ref.language) continue;
      const qn = m.qualifiedName;
      if (qn === want || qn.endsWith(`::${want}`)) {
        matches.push(m);
      }
    }
  }
  if (matches.length === 0) {
    // Conformance fallback: the method may be defined on a supertype `typeName`
    // extends, or on a protocol / trait it conforms to (e.g. a Swift protocol-
    // extension method, a C# default-interface or extension method, a Kotlin
    // extension on a supertype). Walk supertypes transitively (depth-capped) via
    // the resolved implements/extends edges — empty in the first resolution pass,
    // populated in the conformance pass. Still VALIDATED (the method must exist on
    // a supertype), so a wrong inference produces no edge.
    if (depth < 4 && context.getSupertypes) {
      const viaSupers = nmTimedT('rmot-supers', ref, (): ResolvedRef | null => {
        for (const supertype of context.getSupertypes!(typeName, ref.language)) {
          const via = resolveMethodOnType(
            supertype, methodName, ref, context, confidence, resolvedBy, preferredFqn, depth + 1,
          );
          if (via) return via;
        }
        return null;
      });
      if (viaSupers) return viaSupers;
    }
    return null;
  }

  if (matches.length > 1 && preferredFqn) {
    const ext = ref.language === 'kotlin' ? '.kt' : '.java';
    const fqnPath = preferredFqn.replace(/\./g, '/') + ext;
    const chosen = matches.find((m) => {
      const fp = m.filePath.replace(/\\/g, '/');
      return fp.endsWith(fqnPath) || fp.endsWith('/' + fqnPath);
    });
    if (chosen) {
      return {
        original: ref,
        targetNodeId: chosen.id,
        confidence,
        resolvedBy,
      };
    }
  }

  // Language-agnostic disambiguation: when several same-named methods survive
  // (e.g. two files each declaring `class Logger { void log(); }` — an ODR
  // clash, an anonymous-namespace type, or separate translation units), prefer
  // the definition in the CALL SITE's own file. Without this, every ambiguous
  // call collapses onto the first-indexed definition, so a call in `b/svc.cpp`
  // wrongly points at `a/svc.cpp` (#1079). This runs AFTER the `preferredFqn`
  // block, so Java/Kotlin import disambiguation — whose target is intentionally
  // in ANOTHER file (#314) — is unaffected: that block returns early whenever
  // an import FQN pins the class.
  const ordered = preferCallSiteFile(matches, ref.filePath);
  return {
    original: ref,
    targetNodeId: ordered[0]!.id,
    confidence,
    resolvedBy,
  };
}

// C++ keywords/control-flow tokens that can appear right before a receiver
// (e.g. `return ptr->m()`) and must NOT be treated as a type.
const CPP_NON_TYPE_TOKENS = new Set([
  'return', 'if', 'else', 'for', 'while', 'do', 'switch', 'case', 'default',
  'break', 'continue', 'goto', 'throw', 'new', 'delete', 'co_await', 'co_yield',
  'co_return', 'static_cast', 'const_cast', 'dynamic_cast', 'reinterpret_cast',
  'sizeof', 'alignof', 'typeid', 'and', 'or', 'not', 'xor',
]);

function normalizeCppTypeName(typeName: string): string | null {
  const normalized = typeName
    .replace(/\b(const|volatile|mutable|typename|class|struct)\b/g, ' ')
    .replace(/[&*]+/g, ' ')
    .replace(/<[^>]*>/g, ' ')
    .replace(/\s+/g, ' ')
    .trim();

  if (!normalized) return null;
  const parts = normalized.split(/::/).filter(Boolean);
  const last = parts[parts.length - 1];
  if (!last) return null;
  if (CPP_NON_TYPE_TOKENS.has(last)) return null;
  return last;
}

// Declarator regex: matches `Type receiver`, `Type* receiver`, `Type *receiver`,
// `Type*receiver`, `Type<X> receiver`, etc., REQUIRING a declarator terminator
// (`;`, `=`, `,`, `)`, `[`, `{`, `(`, or end-of-line) after the receiver. The
// terminator rules out uses like `return receiver->m()` where the preceding
// token is a keyword, not a type.
function buildDeclaratorRegex(escapedReceiver: string): RegExp {
  return new RegExp(
    `([A-Za-z_][\\w:]*(?:\\s*<[^;=(){}]+>)?(?:\\s*[*&]+)?)\\s*\\b${escapedReceiver}\\b\\s*(?=[;=,)\\[{(]|$)`,
  );
}

function inferCppReceiverType(
  receiverName: string,
  ref: UnresolvedRef,
  context: ResolutionContext,
  depth = 0,
): string | null {
  // Per-file lines cache when available — this runs per `receiver->method()`
  // ref and re-splitting the file each time is the same quadratic as the
  // shared inferrer's (#1122).
  const lines = context.getFileLines
    ? context.getFileLines(ref.filePath)
    : (context.readFile(ref.filePath)?.split(/\r?\n/) ?? null);
  if (!lines || lines.length === 0) return null;

  const callLineIndex = Math.max(0, Math.min(lines.length - 1, ref.line - 1));
  const escapedReceiver = receiverName.replace(/[.*+?^${}()|[\]\\]/g, '\\$&');
  const receiverPattern = new RegExp(`\\b${escapedReceiver}\\b`);
  const declaratorRegex = buildDeclaratorRegex(escapedReceiver);

  for (let i = callLineIndex; i >= 0; i--) {
    const line = lines[i];
    if (!line || !receiverPattern.test(line)) continue;

    const declaratorMatch = line.match(declaratorRegex);
    if (declaratorMatch) {
      const normalized = normalizeCppTypeName(declaratorMatch[1] ?? '');
      if (normalized === 'auto') {
        // `auto x = Foo::instance();` — the declared type is deduced; recover it
        // from the initializer (call return type / construction) (#645).
        const initType = inferCppAutoInitializerType(line, receiverName, ref, context, depth);
        if (initType) return initType;
        // No usable initializer on this line — keep scanning earlier ones.
      } else if (normalized) {
        return normalized;
      }
    }
  }

  const headerCandidates = [
    ref.filePath.replace(/\.(?:c|cc|cpp|cxx)$/i, '.h'),
    ref.filePath.replace(/\.(?:c|cc|cpp|cxx)$/i, '.hpp'),
    ref.filePath.replace(/\.(?:c|cc|cpp|cxx)$/i, '.hxx'),
  ].filter((candidate, index, arr) => arr.indexOf(candidate) === index && candidate !== ref.filePath);

  for (const headerPath of headerCandidates) {
    if (!context.fileExists(headerPath)) continue;
    const headerLines = context.getFileLines
      ? context.getFileLines(headerPath)
      : (context.readFile(headerPath)?.split(/\r?\n/) ?? null);
    if (!headerLines) continue;

    for (const line of headerLines) {
      if (!receiverPattern.test(line)) continue;
      const declaratorMatch = line.match(declaratorRegex);
      if (!declaratorMatch) continue;
      const normalized = normalizeCppTypeName(declaratorMatch[1] ?? '');
      if (normalized && normalized !== 'auto') return normalized;
    }
  }

  return null;
}

/**
 * Last `::`-separated segment of a (possibly namespace-qualified) C++ name.
 */
function cppLastSegment(name: string): string {
  const parts = name.split('::').filter(Boolean);
  return parts[parts.length - 1] ?? name;
}

/**
 * Return type captured at extraction for `Class::method` (or a free function),
 * read off the indexed node's `returnType` — used by the C++ (#645) and PHP
 * (#608) chained-call resolvers. Language-filtered. Null when not indexed or no
 * return type was recorded (a `void`/primitive return).
 */
function lookupCalleeReturnType(
  callee: string,
  ref: UnresolvedRef,
  context: ResolutionContext,
): string | null {
  let method = callee;
  let cls: string | null = null;
  if (callee.includes('::')) {
    const parts = callee.split('::').filter(Boolean);
    method = parts[parts.length - 1] ?? callee;
    cls = parts.slice(0, -1).join('::');
  }
  const candidates = context.getNodesByName(method).filter(
    (n) =>
      (n.kind === 'method' || n.kind === 'function') &&
      n.language === ref.language &&
      !!n.returnType,
  );
  if (cls) {
    const want = `${cls}::${method}`;
    // The call site may name the class with MORE namespace qualification than
    // the stored node (`details::registry::instance` at the call vs
    // `registry::instance` on the node — the receiver type only carries the
    // immediate class), or LESS. Accept an exact match or either being a
    // namespace-suffix of the other; the shared `::<class>::<method>` tail keeps
    // it specific.
    const m = candidates.find(
      (n) =>
        n.qualifiedName === want ||
        n.qualifiedName.endsWith(`::${want}`) ||
        want.endsWith(`::${n.qualifiedName}`),
    );
    return m?.returnType ?? null;
  }
  return candidates.find((n) => n.kind === 'function')?.returnType ?? null;
}

/** Does the graph contain an aggregate type named `name`'s last segment? */
function cppClassExists(name: string, ref: UnresolvedRef, context: ResolutionContext): boolean {
  const last = cppLastSegment(name);
  return context
    .getNodesByName(last)
    .some((n) => (n.kind === 'class' || n.kind === 'struct' || n.kind === 'union') && n.language === ref.language);
}

/**
 * Infer the class produced by a C++ call/construction expression, using return
 * types captured at extraction (#645). Handles, in order:
 *   - `make_unique<T>()` / `make_shared<T>()`        → T
 *   - single-level member call `recv.method()`       → recv's type, then method's return
 *   - `Class::method()` / free `func()`              → the callee's recorded return type
 *   - direct construction `Type()` / `ns::Type()`    → Type
 * Returns null when undeterminable. Callers MUST still validate the outer method
 * exists on the result before creating an edge, so a wrong guess stays silent.
 */
function resolveCppCallResultType(
  inner: string,
  ref: UnresolvedRef,
  context: ResolutionContext,
  depth = 0,
): string | null {
  if (depth > 3) return null; // guard against pathological mutual recursion
  const expr = inner.trim();

  const make = expr.match(/(?:^|::)(?:make_unique|make_shared)\s*<\s*([A-Za-z_]\w*)/);
  if (make) return make[1] ?? null;

  // Single-level member call `recv.method` (the `manager.view().render()` shape).
  const dotIdx = expr.lastIndexOf('.');
  if (dotIdx > 0) {
    const recv = expr.slice(0, dotIdx);
    const method = expr.slice(dotIdx + 1);
    if (recv.includes('.') || recv.includes('(') || recv.includes('::')) return null; // single level only
    const recvType = inferCppReceiverType(recv, ref, context, depth + 1);
    if (!recvType) return null;
    return lookupCalleeReturnType(`${recvType}::${method}`, ref, context);
  }

  const ret = lookupCalleeReturnType(expr, ref, context);
  if (ret) return ret;

  // Direct construction — the callee itself names a class/struct.
  if (cppClassExists(expr, ref, context)) return cppLastSegment(expr);

  return null;
}

/**
 * Recover the type of an `auto`-declared local from its initializer on the
 * declaration line — `auto x = Foo::instance();`, `auto w = make_unique<W>();`,
 * `auto p = new W();`, `auto w = Widget();` (#645).
 */
function inferCppAutoInitializerType(
  line: string,
  receiverName: string,
  ref: UnresolvedRef,
  context: ResolutionContext,
  depth: number,
): string | null {
  const escaped = receiverName.replace(/[.*+?^${}()|[\]\\]/g, '\\$&');
  const m = line.match(new RegExp(`\\b${escaped}\\b\\s*=\\s*([^;]+)`));
  if (!m || !m[1]) return null;
  const init = m[1].trim();

  const neu = init.match(/^new\s+([A-Za-z_][\w:]*)/);
  if (neu && neu[1]) return cppLastSegment(neu[1]);

  // A call or construction: `Foo(...)`, `A::b(...)`, `make_unique<T>(...)`.
  const call = init.match(/^([A-Za-z_][\w:]*(?:\s*<[^>;]*>)?)\s*\(/);
  if (call && call[1]) return resolveCppCallResultType(call[1].replace(/\s+/g, ''), ref, context, depth + 1);

  return null;
}

/**
 * Resolve a C++ chained call whose receiver is itself a call — encoded by the
 * extractor as `<innerCallee>().<method>` (#645). The receiver's type is what
 * the inner call returns; the outer method is then resolved and VALIDATED on it
 * (resolveMethodOnType requires `cls::method` to exist), so a wrong inference
 * produces no edge rather than a wrong one.
 */
export function matchCppCallChain(
  ref: UnresolvedRef,
  context: ResolutionContext,
): ResolvedRef | null {
  const m = ref.referenceName.match(/^(.+)\(\)\.(\w+)$/);
  if (!m || !m[1] || !m[2]) return null;
  const cls = resolveCppCallResultType(m[1], ref, context);
  if (!cls) return null;
  return resolveMethodOnType(cls, m[2], ref, context, 0.85, 'instance-method');
}

/**
 * Resolve a `::`-scoped factory chain whose receiver is a scoped/static call —
 * PHP `Cls::for($x)->method()` (#608, the per-credential Laravel client idiom) or
 * Rust `Foo::new().bar()` (an associated-function call) — both encoded by the
 * extractor as `Cls::factory().method`. The receiver's type is what `Cls::factory`
 * returns: a `self` marker (PHP `: self`/`: static`, Rust `-> Self`) resolves to
 * the factory's own type, a concrete return type to that type. The outer method is
 * then resolved and VALIDATED on it (resolveMethodOnType requires the method to
 * exist on the type or a supertype it conforms to), so a wrong inference yields no
 * edge rather than a wrong one. Shared by the `::`-receiver languages (PHP, Rust).
 */
export function matchScopedCallChain(
  ref: UnresolvedRef,
  context: ResolutionContext,
): ResolvedRef | null {
  const m = ref.referenceName.match(/^(.+)\(\)\.(\w+)$/);
  if (!m || !m[1] || !m[2]) return null;
  const inner = m[1];
  const method = m[2];
  if (!inner.includes('::')) return null; // only static-factory (`Cls::method`) chains
  const factoryClass = inner.slice(0, inner.lastIndexOf('::'));
  const ret = lookupCalleeReturnType(inner, ref, context);
  if (!ret) return null;
  // `self` (the extractor's marker for self/static/$this) → the factory's class.
  const resolvedClass = ret === 'self' ? factoryClass : ret;
  return resolveMethodOnType(resolvedClass, method, ref, context, 0.85, 'instance-method');
}

/**
 * Languages where an unprefixed capitalized call `Foo(args)` constructs the
 * class (so a `Foo(args).method()` receiver's type is `Foo`). Java/C# need `new`,
 * so a bare `Foo()` there is a method call, not construction — excluded. Scala's
 * `Foo(args)` is a case-class / companion `apply`, which conventionally returns
 * `Foo` — and resolveMethodOnType validates, so a non-conventional `apply` that
 * returns another type simply yields no edge rather than a wrong one. Pascal/Delphi:
 * a `TFoo(x)` is a TYPECAST whose result is a `TFoo`, so `TFoo(x).method()` resolves
 * the method on `TFoo` — same shape, same validation.
 */
const CONSTRUCTS_VIA_BARE_CALL = new Set(['kotlin', 'swift', 'scala', 'dart', 'pascal']);

/**
 * Resolve a dotted chained call whose receiver is a static factory / fluent call —
 * `Foo.getInstance().bar()`, encoded by the extractor as `Foo.getInstance().bar`
 * (#645/#608 mechanism). The receiver's type is what `Foo.getInstance` returns
 * (its declared return type); the outer method is then resolved and VALIDATED on
 * it (resolveMethodOnType requires `Type::method` to exist), so a wrong inference
 * yields no edge rather than a wrong one (e.g. a same-named `bar()` on an
 * unrelated class is never matched). Shared by the dot-notation languages
 * (Java, Kotlin, C#, Swift) — same receiver shape, same `Class::method` qualified names.
 */
export function matchDottedCallChain(
  ref: UnresolvedRef,
  context: ResolutionContext,
): ResolvedRef | null {
  const m = ref.referenceName.match(/^(.+)\(\)\.(\w+)$/);
  if (!m || !m[1] || !m[2]) return null;
  const inner = m[1]; // `Foo.getInstance`
  const method = m[2]; // `bar`
  const lastDot = inner.lastIndexOf('.');

  if (lastDot <= 0) {
    // Go: bare package-level factory FUNCTION `New().method()` — the receiver's
    // type is what `New` returns; resolve the method on that.
    if (ref.language === 'go') {
      const ret = lookupCalleeReturnType(inner, ref, context);
      if (ret) {
        return resolveMethodOnType(ret, method, ref, context, 0.85, 'instance-method', importedFqnOf(ret, ref, context));
      }
      // `inner` isn't a function with a captured return type — typically a
      // package-level VARIABLE holding a function value (e.g. gin's `engine()`),
      // whose type we can't recover. Fall back to bare-name resolution of the
      // method so we don't DROP an edge the un-re-encoded bare path would have
      // found. (When `inner` IS a real factory function but the method doesn't
      // exist on its return type, `ret` is truthy and we returned no edge above —
      // the absent-method safety guarantee is preserved.)
      //
      // CRITICAL: resolve the TARGET via a synthetic bare-name ref, but return the
      // match tied to the ORIGINAL `ref` (referenceName `inner().method`). The
      // batched resolver (resolveAndPersistBatched) reads unresolved rows from
      // offset 0 every pass and relies on the post-batch cleanup (row-id delete
      // for DB-loaded refs, referenceName-keyed delete otherwise, #1269) to
      // clear each resolved row so the batch empties. If we propagated the
      // synthetic ref's bare `method` as `.original`, a key-based delete
      // would never match the stored `inner().method` row, the batch would
      // never drain, and the loop would re-resolve + re-insert forever (a runaway
      // that grew gin's graph to 5M edges / 1.4 GB before this fix).
      const bareRef = { ...ref, referenceName: method };
      const bareMatch = matchByExactName(bareRef, context) ?? matchFuzzy(bareRef, context);
      return bareMatch ? { ...bareMatch, original: ref } : null;
    }
    // Constructor receiver `Foo(args).method()` (encoded `Foo().method`): a bare,
    // capitalized inner is a class construction, so the receiver's type is the
    // class itself — resolve the method on it. Only in languages where an
    // unprefixed capitalized call constructs the class (Kotlin, Swift); in Java/C#
    // a bare `Foo()` is a method call (constructors need `new`), so we must not
    // assume construction. A lowercase bare inner is a top-level `factory().method()`
    // whose type we can't recover — bail.
    if (!CONSTRUCTS_VIA_BARE_CALL.has(ref.language) || !/^[A-Z]/.test(inner)) return null;
    return resolveMethodOnType(inner, method, ref, context, 0.85, 'instance-method', importedFqnOf(inner, ref, context));
  }

  // Factory/fluent receiver `Receiver.factory(args).method()`: the receiver's
  // type is what `Receiver.factory` returns (its declared return type).
  const factoryClass = inner.slice(0, lastDot).split('.').pop(); // simple class name
  const factoryMethod = inner.slice(lastDot + 1);
  if (!factoryClass || !factoryMethod) return null;
  const ret = lookupCalleeReturnType(`${factoryClass}::${factoryMethod}`, ref, context);
  if (!ret) {
    // Objective-C: a class-message factory — `[X alloc]`, `[X new]`,
    // `[X sharedFoo]` — returns an instance of the RECEIVER class `X` by
    // convention (`instancetype`). So when the factory's own return type isn't
    // recoverable (its selector returns `instancetype`, or `alloc`/`new` aren't
    // user-defined nodes at all), the receiver's type is the class `X` itself.
    // This resolves the ubiquitous `[[X alloc] init]` and singleton chains.
    // resolveMethodOnType validates against X (and its supertypes), so a class
    // whose method actually lives elsewhere yields NO edge, not a wrong one — and
    // crucially this does NOT fire when a concrete return type WAS captured but
    // simply lacks the method (that already returned null above: absent-method
    // safety, so a same-named decoy is still never matched).
    if (ref.language === 'objc' && /^[A-Z]/.test(factoryClass)) {
      return resolveMethodOnType(factoryClass, method, ref, context, 0.8, 'instance-method', importedFqnOf(factoryClass, ref, context));
    }
    // Pascal/Delphi: the extractor only re-encodes a `TFoo`/`IFoo`-prefixed chain
    // (the type-naming convention), so `factoryClass` is always a real class here.
    // A factory whose return type wasn't captured is a CONSTRUCTOR
    // (`TFileMem.Create().SetCachePerformance` — `constructor Create` has no `:
    // TBar` annotation but returns its own class) or an unannotated function. In
    // both cases the receiver's type is the class itself, so resolve the method on
    // `factoryClass`. resolveMethodOnType validates against it (and its
    // supertypes), so a wrong inference yields no edge — and this never fires when
    // a return type WAS captured but lacks the method (absent-method safety above).
    if (ref.language === 'pascal' && /^[TI]/.test(factoryClass)) {
      return resolveMethodOnType(factoryClass, method, ref, context, 0.8, 'instance-method', importedFqnOf(factoryClass, ref, context));
    }
    return null;
  }
  return resolveMethodOnType(ret, method, ref, context, 0.85, 'instance-method', importedFqnOf(ret, ref, context));
}

/**
 * When several classes share a simple type name, the caller file's import of
 * that type is the only signal that names WHICH one (#314). Returns the imported
 * FQN for `typeName` in the ref's file, or undefined.
 */
function importedFqnOf(
  typeName: string,
  ref: UnresolvedRef,
  context: ResolutionContext,
): string | undefined {
  const imports = context.getImportMappings(ref.filePath, ref.language);
  return imports.find((i) => i.localName === typeName)?.source;
}

/**
 * Java/Kotlin: infer a receiver's declared type by walking field declarations
 * in the class enclosing the call site. The field's `signature` is already in
 * the form "<TypeName> <fieldName>" (set by tree-sitter.ts extractField), so we
 * pull the type from there. Handles Spring `@Resource UserBO userbo;` /
 * `@Autowired private UserService userService;` where the receiver field name
 * doesn't match the class name by Java naming convention.
 *
 * Returns the bare type name (generics stripped, dotted package stripped) or
 * null when no matching field is in the enclosing class.
 */
function inferJavaFieldReceiverType(
  receiverName: string,
  ref: UnresolvedRef,
  context: ResolutionContext,
): string | null {
  const inFile = context.getNodesInFile(ref.filePath);
  if (inFile.length === 0) return null;

  // Find the class enclosing the call line (tightest match by latest start).
  let enclosing: Node | null = null;
  for (const n of inFile) {
    if (n.kind !== 'class' && n.kind !== 'interface') continue;
    if (n.language !== ref.language) continue;
    const end = n.endLine ?? n.startLine;
    if (n.startLine <= ref.line && end >= ref.line) {
      if (!enclosing || n.startLine >= enclosing.startLine) enclosing = n;
    }
  }
  if (!enclosing) return null;

  const enclosingEnd = enclosing.endLine ?? enclosing.startLine;
  const field = inFile.find(
    (n) =>
      n.kind === 'field' &&
      n.name === receiverName &&
      n.language === ref.language &&
      n.startLine >= enclosing.startLine &&
      (n.endLine ?? n.startLine) <= enclosingEnd,
  );
  if (!field || !field.signature) return null;

  // Signature shape: "<TypeName> <fieldName>" (extractField). Pull the type,
  // strip generics + dotted package, drop array/varargs markers.
  const beforeName = field.signature.slice(
    0,
    field.signature.lastIndexOf(field.name),
  );
  const typeRaw = beforeName.trim();
  if (!typeRaw) return null;

  const typeNoGenerics = typeRaw.replace(/<[^>]*>/g, '').trim();
  const typeNoArray = typeNoGenerics.replace(/\[\s*\]/g, '').replace(/\.\.\.$/, '').trim();
  const parts = typeNoArray.split(/[.\s]+/).filter(Boolean);
  const lastPart = parts[parts.length - 1];
  if (!lastPart) return null;
  if (!/^[A-Z]/.test(lastPart)) return null; // primitives / lowercase → skip
  return lastPart;
}

// ── Local-variable receiver-type inference (#1108) ──────────────────────────
//
// Instance calls through a local variable (`const lg = new Logger(); lg.log()`)
// only resolved in C++ before this — no other language could learn the
// receiver's type. Local variables are not indexed as nodes (node-explosion),
// so, like the C++ inferrer above, we read the enclosing function's source and
// match the receiver's declaration/initializer to recover its type. The type is
// then handed to resolveMethodOnType, which VALIDATES that the type actually
// declares the method, so a mis-inference produces NO edge — the safety net
// that lets the patterns below stay simple. C++ keeps its dedicated inferrer
// (header scan + `auto`); this covers every other language.

// Tokens a loose pattern might capture that are never a user-defined type.
const NON_TYPE_RECEIVER_TOKENS = new Set([
  'this', 'self', 'super', 'new', 'return', 'await', 'yield', 'typeof',
  'null', 'nil', 'None', 'true', 'false', 'True', 'False', 'undefined',
]);

/**
 * Normalize a captured type expression to a simple type name: drop generic
 * args and pointer/ref markers, take the last `.`/`::`-qualified segment, and
 * reject obvious non-types.
 */
export function normalizeInferredTypeName(raw: string): string | null {
  const cleaned = raw.replace(/<[^>]*>/g, '').replace(/[&*]/g, '').trim();
  const seg = cleaned.split(/[.:]+/).filter(Boolean).pop();
  if (!seg) return null;
  if (NON_TYPE_RECEIVER_TOKENS.has(seg)) return null;
  return seg;
}

/**
 * Per-language patterns that recover a local variable's (or typed parameter's)
 * type from its declaration/initializer. Each regex captures the type in group
 * 1; `r` is the already-escaped receiver name. Ordered most-specific first.
 * PascalCase is required in the capture where the language convention allows,
 * as a cheap false-positive guard on top of resolveMethodOnType's validation.
 */
/**
 * Compiled-pattern memo for the receiver-type pattern builders below. They
 * run for EVERY `receiver.method()` ref the matcher attempts, compiling 2–4
 * fresh RegExp objects per call — and receivers repeat massively (`self`
 * alone accounts for tens of thousands of refs on a Lua repo, measured 41µs
 * per methodCall miss on kong with compilation a large slice). The patterns
 * are a pure function of (language, receiver) and non-global (`.match()`
 * never touches lastIndex), so shared instances are behavior-identical.
 * FIFO-capped with no per-get mutation (the §7a.6 LRU-churn lesson): a hit
 * costs one Map lookup, overflow evicts oldest, and an evicted entry simply
 * recompiles exactly as every call did before this memo.
 */
const PATTERN_MEMO = new Map<string, RegExp[]>();
const PATTERN_MEMO_CAP = 8192;

/**
 * Per-context incremental receiver-scan states for inferLocalReceiverType
 * (see the memo comment there). Keyed (file, scopeStart, language, receiver);
 * entries are a few dozen bytes, count is bounded by distinct receiver uses
 * (same order as the context's other per-file caches). MUST drop whenever the
 * context's file caches drop — the states are derived from file lines — so
 * ReferenceResolver.clearCaches calls clearNameMatcherMemos alongside
 * clearImportResolverMemos.
 */
type InferScanState = { hi: number; ansIdx: number; ansType: string | null };
const INFER_SCAN_STATES = new WeakMap<ResolutionContext, Map<string, InferScanState>>();

function getInferScanStates(context: ResolutionContext): Map<string, InferScanState> {
  let m = INFER_SCAN_STATES.get(context);
  if (!m) {
    m = new Map();
    INFER_SCAN_STATES.set(context, m);
  }
  return m;
}

/** Drop the per-context scan states (see ReferenceResolver.clearCaches). */
export function clearNameMatcherMemos(context: ResolutionContext): void {
  INFER_SCAN_STATES.delete(context);
}

function memoPatterns(key: string, build: () => RegExp[]): RegExp[] {
  const hit = PATTERN_MEMO.get(key);
  if (hit) return hit;
  const patterns = build();
  if (PATTERN_MEMO.size >= PATTERN_MEMO_CAP) {
    const oldest = PATTERN_MEMO.keys().next().value;
    if (oldest !== undefined) PATTERN_MEMO.delete(oldest);
  }
  PATTERN_MEMO.set(key, patterns);
  return patterns;
}

export function localReceiverTypePatterns(language: Language, r: string): RegExp[] {
  return memoPatterns(`${language}|${r}`, () => buildLocalReceiverTypePatterns(language, r));
}

function buildLocalReceiverTypePatterns(language: Language, r: string): RegExp[] {
  switch (language) {
    case 'typescript':
    case 'javascript':
    case 'tsx':
    case 'jsx':
    case 'arkts':
      return [
        new RegExp(`\\b${r}\\b\\s*=\\s*new\\s+([A-Za-z_$][\\w.$]*)`), // = new Logger()
        // No keyword requirement, so this matches BOTH a local annotation
        // (`const lg: Logger`) and a typed parameter (`function use(lg: Logger)`
        // / `(lg: Logger) =>`) — the parameter case the old `const|let|var`
        // prefix excluded (#1125). Mirrors Kotlin/Swift/Scala; the capture stops
        // at `<` so a generic-typed param (`repo: Repository<User>`) still yields
        // `Repository`. resolveMethodOnType validates the type actually declares
        // the method, so the looser match produces no edge on a mis-inference.
        new RegExp(`\\b${r}\\b\\s*:\\s*([A-Z][\\w.$]*)`), // lg: Logger  (annotation or typed param)
      ];
    case 'python':
      return [
        new RegExp(`\\b${r}\\b\\s*=\\s*([A-Z][\\w.]*)\\s*\\(`), // lg = Logger(...)
        new RegExp(`\\b${r}\\b\\s*:\\s*([A-Z][\\w.]*)`), // lg: Logger  (PEP 526)
      ];
    case 'java':
      return [
        new RegExp(`\\b${r}\\b\\s*=\\s*new\\s+([A-Za-z_][\\w.]*)`), // = new Logger()
        new RegExp(`\\b([A-Z][\\w.]*)\\s+${r}\\b\\s*[=;,)]`), // Logger lg;  / param
      ];
    case 'kotlin':
      return [
        new RegExp(`\\b${r}\\b\\s*=\\s*([A-Z][\\w.]*)\\s*\\(`), // val lg = Logger(...)
        new RegExp(`\\b${r}\\b\\s*:\\s*([A-Z][\\w.]*)`), // val lg: Logger  / param
      ];
    case 'csharp':
      return [
        new RegExp(`\\b${r}\\b\\s*=\\s*new\\s+([A-Za-z_][\\w.]*)`), // = new Logger()
        new RegExp(`\\b([A-Z][\\w.]*)\\s+${r}\\b\\s*[=;,)]`), // Logger lg;  / param
      ];
    case 'swift':
      return [
        new RegExp(`\\b${r}\\b\\s*=\\s*([A-Z][\\w.]*)\\s*\\(`), // let lg = Logger(...)
        new RegExp(`\\b${r}\\b\\s*:\\s*([A-Z][\\w.]*)`), // let lg: Logger  / param
      ];
    case 'rust':
      return [
        new RegExp(`\\blet\\s+(?:mut\\s+)?${r}\\b(?:\\s*:[^=]+)?=\\s*&?(?:mut\\s+)?([A-Z][\\w]*)`), // let lg = Logger::new()/Logger{}/Logger
        // No `let`, so this covers a `let lg: Logger` binding AND a typed
        // parameter (`fn use(lg: &Logger)`, a closure `|lg: Logger|`) — the
        // parameter case the old `let`-anchored pattern excluded (#1125).
        new RegExp(`\\b${r}\\s*:\\s*&?(?:mut\\s+)?([A-Z][\\w]*)`), // lg: Logger  (binding or typed param)
      ];
    case 'go':
      return [
        new RegExp(`\\b${r}\\b\\s*:=\\s*&?([A-Za-z_][\\w.]*)\\s*{`), // lg := Logger{} / &Logger{}
        new RegExp(`\\bvar\\s+${r}\\s+\\*?([A-Za-z_][\\w.]*)`), // var lg Logger / *Logger
        // A typed parameter / method receiver (`func use(lg Logger)`,
        // `func (l Logger) M()`) — name-before-type with no `var`/`:=` (#1125).
        // PascalCase-guarded (unlike the anchored patterns above) to keep the
        // keyword-free `ident Type` shape from matching unrelated pairs; the
        // enclosing-scope bound already excludes package-level struct fields.
        new RegExp(`\\b${r}\\s+\\*?([A-Z][\\w.]*)`), // func use(lg Logger) / (l Logger)
      ];
    case 'ruby':
      return [
        new RegExp(`\\b${r}\\b\\s*=\\s*([A-Z][\\w:]*)\\.new\\b`), // lg = Logger.new
      ];
    case 'scala':
      return [
        new RegExp(`\\b${r}\\b\\s*=\\s*(?:new\\s+)?([A-Z][\\w.]*)`), // val lg = new Logger / Logger(...)
        new RegExp(`\\b${r}\\b\\s*:\\s*([A-Z][\\w.]*)`), // val lg: Logger  / param
      ];
    case 'dart':
      return [
        new RegExp(`\\b${r}\\b\\s*=\\s*([A-Z][\\w.]*)\\s*\\(`), // var lg = Logger(...)
        // Trailing `[=;,)]` (not just `[=;]`) so a typed parameter — `Logger lg)`
        // / `Logger lg,` — matches too, not only `Logger lg = ...` / `Logger lg;`
        // (#1125). Mirrors Java/C#.
        new RegExp(`\\b([A-Z][\\w.]*)\\s+${r}\\b\\s*[=;,)]`), // Logger lg = ...  / param
      ];
    case 'php':
      return [
        new RegExp(`\\$?${r}\\b\\s*=\\s*new\\s+([A-Za-z_\\\\][\\w\\\\]*)`), // $lg = new Logger()
        // A typed parameter (`function use(Logger $lg)`, `?Logger $lg`,
        // `\\App\\Logger $lg`, `&$lg` by-ref) and a typed `catch (E $e)` — the
        // type sits before the `$`-variable (#1125). Namespace `\\` allowed.
        new RegExp(`\\b([A-Za-z_\\\\][\\w\\\\]*)\\s+&?\\$${r}\\b`), // Logger $lg  (typed param)
      ];
    case 'lua':
    case 'luau':
      return [
        new RegExp(`\\b${r}\\b\\s*=\\s*([A-Z][\\w]*)\\.new\\b`), // local lg = Logger.new()
        new RegExp(`\\b${r}\\b\\s*=\\s*([A-Z][\\w]*)\\s*\\(`), // local lg = Logger(...)  (callable table)
        // Luau annotation (`local lg: Logger`) / typed param — but Lua's
        // method-call syntax is the IDENTICAL `receiver:Name` shape, and the
        // backward scan starts on the call's own line, so without a gate any
        // PascalCase method call (`lg:Log()`, the Roblox convention)
        // self-matches as "type = Log" before the scan reaches the real
        // declaration (#1124). The lookahead rejects a capture followed by
        // any of Lua's three call forms — `(args)`, `"s"`/`'s'`/`[[s]]`,
        // `{t}` — and its leading `[\w.]` alternative stops backtracking from
        // shrinking the capture to dodge the gate (`lg:Log()` would otherwise
        // still match, as `Lo`).
        new RegExp(`\\b${r}\\b\\s*:\\s*([A-Z][\\w.]*)(?![\\w.]|\\s*[({"'\\[])`), // local lg: Logger  / typed param
      ];
    case 'r':
      return [
        new RegExp(`\\b${r}\\b\\s*(?:<-|<<-|=)\\s*([A-Z][\\w.]*)\\$new\\b`), // lg <- Logger$new()  (R6)
      ];
    case 'pascal':
      return [
        new RegExp(`\\b${r}\\b\\s*:\\s*([A-Z][\\w]*)`), // var lg: TLogger  / param lg: TLogger
        new RegExp(`\\b${r}\\b\\s*:=\\s*([A-Z][\\w.]*)\\.Create\\b`), // lg := TLogger.Create
      ];
    case 'cfml':
    case 'cfscript':
      return [
        // svc = new UserService() / new path.to.UserService() — dotted component
        // paths reduce to their final segment via normalizeInferredTypeName.
        // Also matches inside tag markup (`<cfset svc = new UserService()>`)
        // since the scan reads raw source lines.
        new RegExp(`\\b${r}\\b\\s*=\\s*new\\s+([A-Za-z_][\\w.]*)`),
        // The classic form: svc = createObject("component", "path.to.UserService")
        // (casing of createObject varies in the wild), plus the modern
        // single-argument form createObject("path.to.UserService").
        new RegExp(`\\b${r}\\b\\s*=\\s*[Cc]reate[Oo]bject\\s*\\(\\s*["']component["']\\s*,\\s*["']([\\w.]+)["']`),
        new RegExp(`\\b${r}\\b\\s*=\\s*[Cc]reate[Oo]bject\\s*\\(\\s*["']([\\w.]+)["']\\s*\\)`),
        // Typed cfscript parameter: `function save(UserService svc)` /
        // `required UserService svc` — CFML's built-in types (string, numeric,
        // any, struct…) are lowercase by convention, so the PascalCase guard
        // excludes them.
        new RegExp(`\\b([A-Z][\\w.]*)\\s+${r}\\b\\s*[=;,)]`),
        // Tag-form typed argument, either attribute order:
        // <cfargument name="svc" type="path.to.UserService">
        new RegExp(`\\bcfargument[^>\\n]*\\bname\\s*=\\s*["']${r}["'][^>\\n]*\\btype\\s*=\\s*["']([\\w.]+)["']`, 'i'),
        new RegExp(`\\bcfargument[^>\\n]*\\btype\\s*=\\s*["']([\\w.]+)["'][^>\\n]*\\bname\\s*=\\s*["']${r}["']`, 'i'),
        // Component property (incl. WireBox DI): `property name="svc"
        // inject="UserService";` / `<cfproperty name="svc" type="UserService">`,
        // either attribute order. An inject DSL value with a namespace
        // (`inject="svc@core"`) captures only the leading name and simply
        // fails type-validation — no edge, never a wrong one.
        new RegExp(`\\b(?:cf)?property\\b[^;\\n]*\\bname\\s*=\\s*["']${r}["'][^;\\n]*\\b(?:type|inject)\\s*=\\s*["']([\\w.]+)["']`, 'i'),
        new RegExp(`\\b(?:cf)?property\\b[^;\\n]*\\b(?:type|inject)\\s*=\\s*["']([\\w.]+)["'][^;\\n]*\\bname\\s*=\\s*["']${r}["']`, 'i'),
      ];
    default:
      return [];
  }
}

/** 1-based start line of the tightest function/method enclosing the call. */
function enclosingScopeStartLine(ref: UnresolvedRef, context: ResolutionContext): number {
  let start = 1;
  for (const n of context.getNodesInFile(ref.filePath)) {
    if (n.kind !== 'function' && n.kind !== 'method') continue;
    if (n.language !== ref.language) continue;
    const end = n.endLine ?? n.startLine;
    if (n.startLine <= ref.line && end >= ref.line && n.startLine >= start) {
      start = n.startLine;
    }
  }
  return start;
}

/**
 * Infer a receiver's type from its local declaration/initializer in the
 * enclosing function body. Language-dispatched; returns null for languages
 * without patterns or when no declaration is found. Bounded to the enclosing
 * scope so a same-named variable in another function can't leak in.
 */
function inferLocalReceiverType(
  receiverName: string,
  ref: UnresolvedRef,
  context: ResolutionContext,
): string | null {
  // CFML scope prefixes: `variables.svc` / `this.svc` name a COMPONENT-scoped
  // field whose assignment or `property` declaration usually lives outside the
  // calling function (the init-pseudoconstructor / WireBox-injection pattern),
  // and `local.svc` is an explicit function-local. Strip the prefix so the
  // declaration patterns match (`variables.svc = new X()`, `property
  // name="svc" …`, `var svc = …` all bind the bare name), and widen the scan
  // to the whole file for the component-scoped forms — nearest-declaration-
  // backward still wins, so a function-local shadowing the field is preferred.
  let scanReceiver = receiverName;
  let componentScoped = false;
  if (ref.language === 'cfml' || ref.language === 'cfscript') {
    const scoped = receiverName.match(/^(variables|this|local|arguments)\.(.+)$/i);
    if (scoped) {
      scanReceiver = scoped[2]!;
      const scope = scoped[1]!.toLowerCase();
      componentScoped = scope === 'variables' || scope === 'this';
    }
  }
  // PHP `$this->prop` receiver — the property's declaration lives outside the
  // calling method (a promoted constructor parameter `private readonly Foo $prop`,
  // a typed property `private Foo $prop;`, or a classic constructor parameter
  // `Foo $prop` assigned in __construct). Strip the prefix and widen the scan to
  // the whole file (the constructor may sit below the calling method), but —
  // unlike CFML's scopes above — switch to PROPERTY-shaped patterns: a plain
  // `$prop` local or parameter lives in a different namespace than `$this->prop`
  // and can never shadow it, so the generic local patterns would type the
  // property from unrelated same-named variables in other methods (a wrong
  // 0.9-confidence edge, not a missing one).
  let phpProperty = false;
  if (ref.language === 'php') {
    const scoped = receiverName.match(/^this->(.+)$/);
    if (scoped) {
      scanReceiver = scoped[1]!;
      componentScoped = true;
      phpProperty = true;
    }
  }

  const escapedReceiver = scanReceiver.replace(/[.*+?^${}()|[\]\\]/g, '\\$&');
  const patterns = phpProperty
    ? phpPropertyTypePatterns(escapedReceiver)
    : localReceiverTypePatterns(ref.language, escapedReceiver);
  if (patterns.length === 0) return null;

  // Split through the context's per-file lines cache when available: this runs
  // for EVERY `receiver.method()` ref, and re-splitting the whole file per ref
  // was ~20% of total index CPU on Java-heavy repos (#1122).
  const lines = context.getFileLines
    ? context.getFileLines(ref.filePath)
    : (context.readFile(ref.filePath)?.split(/\r?\n/) ?? null);
  if (!lines || lines.length === 0) return null;

  const callIdx = Math.max(0, Math.min(lines.length - 1, ref.line - 1));
  const startIdx = componentScoped
    ? 0
    : Math.max(0, enclosingScopeStartLine(ref, context) - 1);

  const matchLine = (i: number): string | null => {
    const line = lines[i];
    if (!line) return null;
    // A generated/minified line (one multi-KB statement) is not something a
    // human-written local declaration lives on, and regexing it per ref is
    // pure waste — skip it rather than scan it.
    if (line.length > 10_000) return null;
    for (const re of patterns) {
      const m = line.match(re);
      if (m && m[1]) {
        const type = normalizeInferredTypeName(m[1]);
        if (type) return type;
      }
    }
    return null;
  };

  // Incremental-scan memo (INFER_SCAN_STATES): this scan runs for EVERY
  // `receiver.method()` ref and was measured at 61µs/ref on kong (2.4s of
  // worker time, 99% misses — `self:` calls hunting a declaration Lua never
  // writes). Refs for the same (file, scope, receiver) arrive in ~ascending
  // line order, and the scan is a pure function of the file's immutable
  // lines, so each line pays its regex matches ONCE per key instead of once
  // per ref: query(c) = highest matching line in [startIdx..c]; a monotonic
  // call extends the stored watermark by scanning only (hi..c] (the region
  // at-or-below the previous answer is already proven empty above it); a
  // non-monotonic call (rare — refs are rowid-ordered) falls back to the
  // plain bounded scan and leaves the state alone. componentScoped is keyed
  // out — its position-independent whole-file sweep below has different
  // semantics.
  if (!componentScoped) {
    const states = getInferScanStates(context);
    const key = `${ref.filePath}|${startIdx}|${ref.language}|${scanReceiver}`;
    const state = states.get(key);
    if (!state) {
      for (let i = callIdx; i >= startIdx; i--) {
        const type = matchLine(i);
        if (type) {
          states.set(key, { hi: callIdx, ansIdx: i, ansType: type });
          return type;
        }
      }
      states.set(key, { hi: callIdx, ansIdx: -1, ansType: null });
      return null;
    }
    if (callIdx >= state.hi) {
      for (let i = callIdx; i > state.hi; i--) {
        const type = matchLine(i);
        if (type) {
          state.ansIdx = i;
          state.ansType = type;
          break;
        }
      }
      state.hi = callIdx;
      return state.ansIdx >= startIdx ? state.ansType : null;
    }
    for (let i = callIdx; i >= startIdx; i--) {
      const type = matchLine(i);
      if (type) return type;
    }
    return null;
  }

  // Nearest declaration wins: scan backward from the call to the scope start.
  for (let i = callIdx; i >= startIdx; i--) {
    const type = matchLine(i);
    if (type) return type;
  }
  // A component-scoped field's declaration is position-independent — the
  // `variables.svc = new X()` pseudoconstructor assignment or `property`
  // declaration may sit BELOW the calling function in the file — so when the
  // backward pass finds nothing, sweep the remainder of the file too.
  if (componentScoped) {
    for (let i = callIdx + 1; i < lines.length; i++) {
      const type = matchLine(i);
      if (type) return type;
    }
  }
  // A PHP property with no statically-typed declaration (classic pre-7.4
  // style) may still be typed by what gets ASSIGNED to it — follow the
  // `$this->prop = $var` assignment to the assigned variable's own typed
  // declaration (a classic or multi-line constructor parameter, or a typed
  // setter's parameter).
  if (phpProperty) {
    return inferPhpAssignedPropertyType(escapedReceiver, lines, callIdx);
  }
  return null;
}

/**
 * Patterns that recover a PHP class property's declared type for a
 * `$this->prop` receiver. Deliberately NOT localReceiverTypePatterns: only
 * property-shaped declarations qualify —
 *   1. a modifier-prefixed typed declaration, which covers both a typed
 *      property (`private ?Foo $prop;`) and a promoted constructor parameter
 *      (`private readonly Foo $prop`), and
 *   2. the pseudoconstructor assignment (`$this->prop = new Foo(...)`).
 * A bare `X $prop` parameter or `$prop = new X()` local elsewhere in the
 * file must NOT match: those variables can never alias `$this->prop`.
 * Union-typed properties (`Foo|Bar $prop`) yield no match and thus no edge —
 * silent beats wrong. The classic untyped-property-assigned-in-constructor
 * shape is handled by inferPhpAssignedPropertyType instead.
 */
function phpPropertyTypePatterns(r: string): RegExp[] {
  return memoPatterns(`php-prop|${r}`, () => buildPhpPropertyTypePatterns(r));
}

function buildPhpPropertyTypePatterns(r: string): RegExp[] {
  return [
    new RegExp(
      `\\b(?:(?:private|protected|public|readonly|static|final)(?:\\(set\\))?\\s+)+\\??([A-Za-z_\\\\][\\w\\\\]*)\\s+&?\\$${r}\\b`,
    ), // private readonly ?Foo $prop  (typed property / promoted param)
    new RegExp(`\\$this->${r}\\b\\s*=\\s*new\\s+([A-Za-z_\\\\][\\w\\\\]*)`), // $this->prop = new Foo()
  ];
}

/**
 * Second-chance typing for a PHP `$this->prop` receiver whose property
 * declaration carries no static type (classic pre-7.4 style): find the
 * `$this->prop = $var` assignment, then recover `$var`'s type from its own
 * declaration WITHIN the assignment's function — the constructor's (possibly
 * multi-line) parameter list, a typed setter's parameter, or a `= new X()`
 * local. The backward scan stops at the enclosing `function` line (checked
 * for a match first — a single-line `__construct(Foo $var) { ... }` carries
 * the typed parameter itself), so a same-named variable in another method
 * can never type the property.
 */
function inferPhpAssignedPropertyType(
  escapedProp: string,
  lines: string[],
  callIdx: number,
): string | null {
  const assignRe = new RegExp(`\\$this->${escapedProp}\\b\\s*=\\s*\\$(\\w+)\\b`);
  const assignAt = (i: number): RegExpMatchArray | null => {
    const line = lines[i];
    if (!line || line.length > 10_000) return null;
    return line.match(assignRe);
  };
  // The assignment is position-independent relative to the call — nearest-
  // backward first, then sweep forward, same order as the componentScoped scan.
  let assignIdx = -1;
  let varName: string | null = null;
  for (let i = callIdx; i >= 0; i--) {
    const m = assignAt(i);
    if (m) { assignIdx = i; varName = m[1]!; break; }
  }
  if (varName === null) {
    for (let i = callIdx + 1; i < lines.length; i++) {
      const m = assignAt(i);
      if (m) { assignIdx = i; varName = m[1]!; break; }
    }
  }
  if (varName === null) return null;

  const varPatterns = localReceiverTypePatterns(
    'php',
    varName.replace(/[.*+?^${}()|[\]\\]/g, '\\$&'),
  );
  for (let i = assignIdx; i >= 0; i--) {
    const line = lines[i];
    if (line && line.length <= 10_000) {
      for (const re of varPatterns) {
        const m = line.match(re);
        if (m && m[1]) {
          const type = normalizeInferredTypeName(m[1]);
          if (type) return type;
        }
      }
    }
    if (line && /\bfunction\b/.test(line)) break;
  }
  return null;
}

/**
 * Try to resolve by method name on a class/object
 */
export function matchMethodCall(
  ref: UnresolvedRef,
  context: ResolutionContext
): ResolvedRef | null {
  // Parse method call patterns like "obj.method" or "Class::method". The method
  // part allows trailing `:` keywords so Objective-C selectors resolve
  // (`SDImageCache.storeImage:`, `obj.setX:y:`); colons never appear in other
  // languages' method refs, so this is a no-op for them.
  // The receiver allows dots (`builder.Services.AddCoreServices`) so a CHAINED
  // call resolves by its last segment — Strategy 3 below name-matches the method
  // (with its existing single-candidate / receiver-overlap guards). Without this
  // a multi-dot extension-method call (C# DI `builder.Services.AddCoreServices()`,
  // `Guard.Against.X()`) matched no pattern and never resolved.
  // C++ explicit operator call `a.operator+(b)` reaches the resolver as
  // `a.operator+` (#1247) — the operator's symbol chars (`+`, `==`, `[]`, `()`)
  // fail the \w method part of the plain pattern, so admit them explicitly.
  // Names like `operatorTable` stay on the plain pattern (tried first); the
  // operator form requires at least one non-word char after `operator`, and
  // every downstream strategy compares the method part by exact string
  // equality, so a stray match can't invent an edge.
  const dotMatch =
    ref.referenceName.match(/^([\w.]+)\.(\w+:?(?:\w+:)*)$/) ??
    (ref.language === 'cpp'
      ? ref.referenceName.match(/^([\w.]+)\.(operator[^\w\s.]+)$/)
      : null);
  const colonMatch = ref.referenceName.match(/^(\w+)::(\w+)$/);
  // Lua/Luau method calls use a single colon (`lg:log`); R uses `$` (`lg$log`).
  // Recognize these receiver/method separators so local-variable receiver-type
  // inference (#1108) applies to them too — extraction already emits the ref in
  // this shape, but the resolver otherwise only understood `.` and `::`.
  const luaColonMatch = (ref.language === 'lua' || ref.language === 'luau')
    ? ref.referenceName.match(/^([\w.]+):(\w+)$/)
    : null;
  const rDollarMatch = ref.language === 'r'
    ? ref.referenceName.match(/^([\w.]+)\$(\w+)$/)
    : null;

  // PHP property receiver: `$this->prop->method()` reaches the resolver as
  // `this->prop.method` (the extractor records the receiver's raw text with the
  // leading `$` stripped). Resolve it EXCLUSIVELY through declared-type
  // inference + resolveMethodOnType validation — the name-similarity strategies
  // below must never see this shape, so a property whose type can't be
  // recovered stays unlinked rather than guessed (a wrong inference produces no
  // edge rather than a wrong one). Deeper chains (`this->a->b.method`) don't
  // match the single-property pattern and stay unlinked, same as before.
  const phpThisPropMatch = ref.language === 'php'
    ? ref.referenceName.match(/^(this->\w+)\.(\w+)$/)
    : null;
  if (phpThisPropMatch) {
    const [, receiver, phpMethodName] = phpThisPropMatch;
    const inferredType = inferLocalReceiverType(receiver!, ref, context);
    if (!inferredType) return null;
    return resolveMethodOnType(
      inferredType,
      phpMethodName!,
      ref,
      context,
      0.9,
      'instance-method',
      importedFqnOf(inferredType, ref, context),
    );
  }

  const match = dotMatch || colonMatch || luaColonMatch || rDollarMatch;
  if (!match) {
    return null;
  }

  const [, objectOrClass, methodName] = match;
  // A simple `receiver.method` / `receiver:method` / `receiver$method` shape whose
  // receiver type we can try to infer from its local declaration.
  const inferableReceiver = dotMatch || luaColonMatch || rDollarMatch;

  // Infer the receiver's type from its local declaration/initializer in the
  // enclosing scope, then resolve the method on that type (#1108). C++ keeps its
  // dedicated inferrer (header scan + `auto`); every other language uses the
  // shared source-based inferrer. resolveMethodOnType validates the method
  // exists on the inferred type, so a mis-inference produces no edge.
  if (inferableReceiver) {
    const inferredType = nmTimedT('mc-infer', ref, () =>
      ref.language === 'cpp'
        ? inferCppReceiverType(objectOrClass!, ref, context)
        : inferLocalReceiverType(objectOrClass!, ref, context));
    if (inferredType) {
      // Java/Kotlin: when two classes share the simple name, the file's import
      // pins WHICH one (#314). Other languages disambiguate by call-site file.
      const importedFqn =
        ref.language === 'java' || ref.language === 'kotlin'
          ? context
              .getImportMappings(ref.filePath, ref.language)
              .find((i) => i.localName === inferredType)?.source
          : undefined;
      const typedMatch = nmTimedT('mc-rmot', ref, () => resolveMethodOnType(
        inferredType,
        methodName!,
        ref,
        context,
        0.9,
        'instance-method',
        importedFqn,
      ));
      if (typedMatch) {
        return typedMatch;
      }
    }
  }

  // Go 2-hop field chain `base.field.Method` (#1276): the base's type comes
  // from the enclosing scope (typed parameter / method receiver / local var),
  // the field's declared type from that struct's own declaration lines, and
  // the method is VALIDATED on the field's type by resolveMethodOnType. This
  // branch is EXCLUSIVE for chained Go receivers: when the hop can't be
  // inferred or the field's type is external (`conn *sql.DB` — no project
  // node), the ref stays unresolved rather than falling through to the
  // bare-name strategies below, which is exactly how `target.conn.Exec(...)`
  // fabricated a dependency on an unrelated local interface's same-named
  // method. Chained Go receivers were never emitted before #1276, so there
  // is no prior recall to preserve on the fallback path.
  if (ref.language === 'go' && dotMatch && objectOrClass!.includes('.')) {
    return matchGoFieldChainCall(objectOrClass!, methodName!, ref, context);
  }

  // Rust call through a field of the enclosing type — `self.inner.run()`,
  // emitted as `self.inner.run` (#1585). Same discipline as the Go branch
  // above, and EXCLUSIVE for the same reason: validated field-type inference
  // or nothing. Letting this shape reach the bare-name strategies below is
  // how `self.inner.run()` resolved to a same-named method on an unrelated
  // type — or to the calling method itself, a self-edge the source doesn't
  // contain — whenever the field's type was external or merely shared a
  // method name with something nearby.
  if (ref.language === 'rust' && dotMatch && objectOrClass!.startsWith('self.')) {
    return matchRustSelfFieldCall(objectOrClass!.slice('self.'.length), methodName!, ref, context);
  }

  // Java/Kotlin: receiver may be a field whose name doesn't match the type by
  // Java naming convention (`userbo` → class `UserBO`, abbreviated). Look up
  // the field in the enclosing class to get its declared type, then resolve
  // the method on that type. Covers Spring `@Resource`/`@Autowired` field
  // injection where the field type is the concrete bean class.
  if ((ref.language === 'java' || ref.language === 'kotlin') && dotMatch) {
    const inferredType = inferJavaFieldReceiverType(objectOrClass!, ref, context);
    if (inferredType) {
      // When two classes share the same simple name, the caller file's
      // import is the only signal that names WHICH one — pass the
      // imported FQN so resolveMethodOnType can disambiguate (#314).
      const imports = context.getImportMappings(ref.filePath, ref.language);
      const importedFqn = imports.find((i) => i.localName === inferredType)?.source;
      const typedMatch = nmTimedT('mc-rmot', ref, () => resolveMethodOnType(
        inferredType,
        methodName!,
        ref,
        context,
        0.9,
        'instance-method',
        importedFqn,
      ));
      if (typedMatch) {
        return typedMatch;
      }
    }
  }

  // Object-literal namespace receiver (#1573): `api.call()` where `api` is a
  // same-file `const api = { call() {…}, get: () => {…} }`. Its members are
  // plain functions with bare names inside the constant's extent — no
  // `Container::member` qualified name — so none of the class-shaped
  // strategies below can see them (Strategy 3 only considers `method`
  // kinds) and the call resolved to nothing at all. Same file only: a
  // cross-file use reaches the same helper through the import path.
  if (dotMatch && !objectOrClass!.includes('.') && OBJECT_LITERAL_LANGUAGES.has(ref.language)) {
    const literalMatch = nmTimedT('mc-literal', ref, (): ResolvedRef | null => {
      const holders = preferCallSiteFile(context.getNodesByName(objectOrClass!), ref.filePath).filter(
        (n) => (n.kind === 'constant' || n.kind === 'variable') && n.filePath === ref.filePath
      );
      for (const holder of holders) {
        const hit = resolveObjectLiteralMember(holder, methodName!, ref, context, 0.85, 'instance-method');
        if (hit) return hit;
      }
      return null;
    });
    if (literalMatch) return literalMatch;
  }

  // Strategy 1: Direct class name match (existing logic). When the receiver
  // names a class that exists in several files (`Logger.log()` / `Logger::log()`
  // with a `Logger` in both `a/` and `b/`), try the class in the call site's
  // own file first — otherwise the first-indexed class wins and a call in `b/`
  // resolves to `a/`'s method (#1079).
  const strat1 = nmTimedT('mc-class', ref, (): ResolvedRef | null => {
    const classCandidates = preferCallSiteFile(
      context.getNodesByName(objectOrClass!),
      ref.filePath,
    );

    for (const classNode of classCandidates) {
      if (classNode.kind === 'class' || classNode.kind === 'struct' || classNode.kind === 'union' || classNode.kind === 'interface') {
        // Skip cross-language class matches
        if (classNode.language !== ref.language) continue;

        const nodesInFile = context.getNodesInFile(classNode.filePath);
        const methodNode = nodesInFile.find(
          (n) =>
            n.kind === 'method' &&
            n.name === methodName &&
            n.qualifiedName.includes(classNode.name)
        );

        if (methodNode) {
          return {
            original: ref,
            targetNodeId: methodNode.id,
            confidence: 0.85,
            resolvedBy: 'qualified-name',
          };
        }
      }
    }
    return null;
  });
  if (strat1) return strat1;

  // Strategy 2: Instance variable receiver - try capitalized form to find class
  // e.g., "permissionEngine" → look for classes containing "PermissionEngine"
  const capitalizedReceiver = objectOrClass!.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + objectOrClass!.slice(1);
  if (capitalizedReceiver !== objectOrClass) {
    const strat2 = nmTimedT('mc-capital', ref, (): ResolvedRef | null => {
      const fuzzyClassCandidates = preferCallSiteFile(
        context.getNodesByName(capitalizedReceiver),
        ref.filePath,
      );
      for (const classNode of fuzzyClassCandidates) {
        if (classNode.kind === 'class' || classNode.kind === 'struct' || classNode.kind === 'union' || classNode.kind === 'interface') {
          // Skip cross-language class matches
          if (classNode.language !== ref.language) continue;

          const nodesInFile = context.getNodesInFile(classNode.filePath);
          const methodNode = nodesInFile.find(
            (n) =>
              n.kind === 'method' &&
              n.name === methodName &&
              n.qualifiedName.includes(classNode.name)
          );

          if (methodNode) {
            return {
              original: ref,
              targetNodeId: methodNode.id,
              confidence: 0.8,
              resolvedBy: 'instance-method',
            };
          }
        }
      }
      return null;
    });
    if (strat2) return strat2;
  }

  // Strategy 3: Find methods by name across the codebase, match by receiver
  // name similarity with the containing class. Handles abbreviated variable
  // names like permissionEngine → PermissionRuleEngine.
  if (methodName) {
    const strat3 = nmTimedT('mc-byname', ref, (): ResolvedRef | null => {
    const methodCandidates = context.getNodesByName(methodName!);
    // Ubiquitous-method ceiling (#999): a method name re-declared across a
    // vendored theme/SDK (Metronic's `init`/`update`/… on every widget) yields
    // K candidates that receiver-word overlap can't reliably disambiguate —
    // and filtering + scoring all K per call is the O(K²) cost that wedged
    // "Resolving refs" for 15-28 min. Bail before the O(K) work; Strategy 1/2
    // (class-name match) already had their precise shot above.
    if (methodCandidates.length > AMBIGUOUS_NAME_CEILING) {
      return null;
    }
    const methods = methodCandidates.filter(
      (n) => n.kind === 'method' && n.name === methodName
    );

    // Filter to same-language candidates first
    const sameLanguageMethods = methods.filter(m => m.language === ref.language);
    const targetMethods = sameLanguageMethods.length > 0 ? sameLanguageMethods : methods;

    // If only one same-language method with this name exists, use it
    if (targetMethods.length === 1 && targetMethods[0]!.language === ref.language) {
      return {
        original: ref,
        targetNodeId: targetMethods[0]!.id,
        confidence: 0.7,
        resolvedBy: 'instance-method',
      };
    }

    // Multiple methods: score by receiver name word overlap with class name
    if (targetMethods.length > 1) {
      const receiverWords = splitCamelCase(objectOrClass!);
      let bestMatch: typeof targetMethods[0] | undefined;
      let bestScore = 0;

      // Same-file candidates first, so a score tie (`score > bestScore` keeps
      // the first seen) resolves to the call site's own file rather than the
      // first-indexed duplicate (#1079).
      for (const method of preferCallSiteFile(targetMethods, ref.filePath)) {
        const classWords = splitCamelCase(method.qualifiedName);
        let score = receiverWords.filter(w =>
          classWords.some(cw => cw.toLowerCase() === w.toLowerCase())
        ).length;
        // Bonus for same language
        if (method.language === ref.language) score += 1;
        if (score > bestScore) {
          bestScore = score;
          bestMatch = method;
        }
      }

      if (bestMatch && bestScore >= 2) {
        return {
          original: ref,
          targetNodeId: bestMatch.id,
          confidence: 0.65,
          resolvedBy: 'instance-method',
        };
      }
    }
    return null;
    });
    if (strat3) return strat3;
  }

  return null;
}

/** Go builtin/primitive field types that can never carry a project method. */
const GO_BUILTIN_FIELD_TYPES = new Set([
  'string', 'bool', 'byte', 'rune', 'error', 'any',
  'int', 'int8', 'int16', 'int32', 'int64',
  'uint', 'uint8', 'uint16', 'uint32', 'uint64', 'uintptr',
  'float32', 'float64', 'complex64', 'complex128',
  'chan', 'map', 'func', 'struct', 'interface',
]);

/**
 * Resolve a Go 2-hop field-chain call `base.field.Method(...)` (#1276):
 * `target.conn.Exec("insert")` where `func (target *Target) Write()` and
 * `type Target struct { conn *sql.DB }`. Two inference hops, both read from
 * source the same way #1108 does:
 *   1. `base`'s type from the enclosing scope (method receiver, typed
 *      parameter, or local declaration) via inferLocalReceiverType;
 *   2. `field`'s declared type from the struct's own declaration lines.
 * The method is then resolved AND VALIDATED on the field's type. A field
 * whose type has no project node (`sql.DB`, any external dependency) yields
 * null — the caller treats this branch as exclusive for chained Go
 * receivers, so the ref stays unresolved instead of name-guessing.
 */
function matchGoFieldChainCall(
  receiverChain: string,
  methodName: string,
  ref: UnresolvedRef,
  context: ResolutionContext
): ResolvedRef | null {
  const segs = receiverChain.split('.');
  if (segs.length !== 2 || !segs[0] || !segs[1]) return null;
  const [base, field] = segs;

  const baseType = inferLocalReceiverType(base!, ref, context);
  if (!baseType) return null;

  const fieldEsc = field!.replace(/[.*+?^${}()|[\]\\]/g, '\\$&');
  const fieldTypeRe = new RegExp(`\\b${fieldEsc}\\s+\\*?\\[?\\]?([A-Za-z_][\\w.]*)`);

  const structs = preferCallSiteFile(context.getNodesByName(baseType), ref.filePath).filter(
    (n) => (n.kind === 'struct' || n.kind === 'class') && n.language === 'go'
  );
  for (const s of structs) {
    const source = context.readFile(s.filePath);
    if (!source) continue;
    // Only the struct's own declaration lines — a same-named identifier
    // elsewhere in the file can't donate a type. Matched LINE BY LINE with
    // comments stripped: chi's `Mux` has a doc comment reading "the tree
    // router" right above `tree *node`, and a whole-block match captured
    // `router` from the prose instead of `node` from the field.
    const declLines = source.split('\n').slice(Math.max(0, s.startLine - 1), s.endLine);
    for (const rawLine of declLines) {
      const line = rawLine.replace(/\/\/.*$/, '').replace(/\/\*.*?\*\//g, '');
      const m = line.match(fieldTypeRe);
      if (!m || !m[1]) continue;
      const rawType = m[1];
      // A package-qualified field type (`http.Handler`, `sql.DB`) is only
      // followed when the package is IN-MODULE: stripping the qualifier and
      // matching the bare name would conflate a stdlib/third-party type with
      // any same-named project type — on chi, `handler http.Handler` bound
      // to an example app's unrelated local `Handler`. That is the exact
      // fabrication this matcher exists to prevent (#1276).
      if (rawType.includes('.')) {
        const pkg = rawType.split('.')[0]!;
        const mod = context.getGoModule?.();
        const imp = context
          .getImportMappings(s.filePath, 'go')
          .find((i) => i.localName === pkg);
        const inModule =
          !!mod &&
          !!imp &&
          (imp.source === mod.modulePath || imp.source.startsWith(mod.modulePath + '/'));
        if (!inModule) continue;
      }
      // Unexported (lowercase) types are idiomatic Go and stay eligible —
      // chi's `mx.tree.FindRoute()` chains through `tree *node`. A
      // mis-capture is harmless: resolveMethodOnType only returns a
      // validated `<type>::<method>` match.
      const fieldType = rawType.split('.').pop();
      if (!fieldType || !/^[A-Za-z_]/.test(fieldType) || GO_BUILTIN_FIELD_TYPES.has(fieldType)) continue;
      const resolved = resolveMethodOnType(fieldType, methodName, ref, context, 0.85, 'instance-method');
      if (resolved) return resolved;
    }
  }
  return null;
}

// Rust primitives and the prelude's own types: a field of one of these never
// names a project type, so a `self.<field>.<method>()` on it stays unresolved.
const RUST_NON_PROJECT_FIELD_TYPES = new Set([
  'bool', 'char', 'str', 'String',
  'i8', 'i16', 'i32', 'i64', 'i128', 'isize',
  'u8', 'u16', 'u32', 'u64', 'u128', 'usize',
  'f32', 'f64',
  'Self', 'self',
]);

/**
 * Reduce a Rust field's declared type text to the simple name of the type a
 * method call on that field auto-derefs to, or null when there is none we can
 * name. Only the layers Rust's method-call auto-deref looks through are
 * unwrapped: references (`&`, `&'a mut`) and the owning smart pointers
 * (`Box`, `Rc`, `Arc`) — `self.inner.run()` with `inner: Box<Inner>` calls
 * `Inner::run`. Containers that do NOT auto-deref to their parameter
 * (`Option<Inner>`, `Vec<Inner>`, `Mutex<Inner>`, `RefCell<Inner>`) keep their
 * own name and, having no project node, resolve to nothing — `self.items.push()`
 * must never become `Inner::push`. A trait object (`Box<dyn Source>`) yields
 * the trait, whose method node the interface-impl synthesizer fans out. A
 * generic parameter (`T`), a primitive, a tuple / array / raw pointer / fn
 * type, or a non-identifier yields null.
 */
export function rustFieldTypeName(raw: string): string | null {
  let t = raw.trim();
  for (;;) {
    const before = t;
    t = t.replace(/^&\s*(?:'\w+\s+)?(?:mut\s+)?/, '');
    t = t.replace(/^(?:Box|Rc|Arc)\s*<\s*/, '');
    t = t.replace(/^(?:dyn|impl)\s+/, '');
    if (t === before) break;
  }
  // Drop generic args, the closing `>`s of unwrapped pointers, and trait-object
  // bounds (`dyn Source + Send`); keep the last path segment.
  t = t.replace(/[<>+].*$/, '').trim();
  const seg = t.split('::').filter(Boolean).pop();
  if (!seg || !/^[A-Za-z_]\w*$/.test(seg)) return null;
  if (RUST_NON_PROJECT_FIELD_TYPES.has(seg)) return null;
  if (/^[A-Z]$/.test(seg)) return null; // bare single-letter generic parameter
  return seg;
}

/**
 * Resolve a Rust call through a field of the enclosing type —
 * `self.inner.run()`, emitted by the extractor as `self.inner.run` (#1585).
 * Mirrors the Go 2-hop precedent above (#1276): the owner type is the calling
 * method's qualified-name prefix (`Outer::run` → `Outer`), the field's declared
 * type comes from the owner struct's OWN declaration lines, and the method is
 * resolved AND VALIDATED on that type by resolveMethodOnType. The caller
 * treats this branch as exclusive for `self.<field>` receivers: a field whose
 * type is external (`std::vec::IntoIter`, `regex::Regex`), a generic
 * parameter, or not declared where we can see it yields null and the ref stays
 * unresolved. Rust struct fields are not graph nodes, so the declaration text
 * is the only place the type lives.
 */
function matchRustSelfFieldCall(
  field: string,
  methodName: string,
  ref: UnresolvedRef,
  context: ResolutionContext,
): ResolvedRef | null {
  // The extractor only ever emits a single field hop; anything else is not ours.
  if (!field || field.includes('.')) return null;
  const caller = context.getNodeById?.(ref.fromNodeId);
  if (!caller) return null;
  const sep = caller.qualifiedName.lastIndexOf('::');
  if (sep <= 0) return null; // a free fn has no `self`
  const owner = caller.qualifiedName.slice(0, sep).split('::').pop();
  if (!owner) return null;

  const owners = preferCallSiteFile(context.getNodesByName(owner), ref.filePath).filter(
    (n) =>
      (n.kind === 'struct' || n.kind === 'union' || n.kind === 'class') &&
      n.language === 'rust'
  );
  const fieldEsc = field.replace(/[.*+?^${}()|[\]\\]/g, '\\$&');
  // `pub inner: Inner,` / `inner: Box<dyn Source>,` / `pub(crate) inner: T }` —
  // the type text runs to the field separator. A comma inside generic args
  // (`HashMap<K, V>`) truncates the capture, which rustFieldTypeName then
  // reduces to the container's own name — exactly the non-deref case it
  // refuses anyway.
  const fieldRe = new RegExp(`\\b${fieldEsc}\\s*:\\s*([^,{}]+)`);
  for (const s of owners) {
    const source = context.readFile(s.filePath);
    if (!source) continue;
    // Only the struct's own declaration lines, comment-stripped line by line —
    // same discipline as the Go helper: prose or a same-named identifier
    // elsewhere in the file can never donate a type.
    const declLines = source.split('\n').slice(Math.max(0, s.startLine - 1), s.endLine);
    for (const rawLine of declLines) {
      const line = rawLine.replace(/\/\/.*$/, '').replace(/\/\*.*?\*\//g, '');
      const m = line.match(fieldRe);
      if (!m || !m[1]) continue;
      const fieldType = rustFieldTypeName(m[1]);
      // The field is declared here; whether or not its type names a project
      // symbol, this owner is the answer — no other same-named struct applies.
      if (!fieldType) return null;
      return resolveMethodOnType(fieldType, methodName, ref, context, 0.85, 'instance-method');
    }
  }
  return null;
}

/**
 * Split a camelCase or PascalCase string into words.
 */
function splitCamelCase(str: string): string[] {
  return str.replace(/([a-z])([A-Z])/g, '$1 $2')
    .replace(/([A-Z]+)([A-Z][a-z])/g, '$1 $2')
    .split(/[\s._:\/\\]+/)
    .filter(w => w.length > 1);
}

/**
 * Compute directory proximity from a pre-split list of directory segments
 * (`filePath1` minus its filename) and a second file path.
 * Returns a score based on the number of shared leading directory segments.
 * Higher score = closer in directory tree.
 *
 * Split into a pre-split variant because findBestMatch scores every candidate
 * against the SAME `ref.filePath`; re-splitting it per candidate was a hot spot
 * on large repos (#915), so the caller splits it once and passes the segments.
 */
function pathProximityFromDirs(dir1: string[], filePath2: string): number {
  const dir2 = filePath2.split('/');
  dir2.pop(); // drop filename — matches the original slice(0, -1) on both paths

  let shared = 0;
  const limit = Math.min(dir1.length, dir2.length);
  for (let i = 0; i < limit; i++) {
    if (dir1[i] === dir2[i]) {
      shared++;
    } else {
      break;
    }
  }

  // Each shared directory segment contributes 15 points, capped at 80
  return Math.min(shared * 15, 80);
}

/**
 * Compute directory proximity between two file paths.
 * Returns a score based on the number of shared directory segments.
 */
function computePathProximity(filePath1: string, filePath2: string): number {
  const dir1 = filePath1.split('/');
  dir1.pop();
  return pathProximityFromDirs(dir1, filePath2);
}

/**
 * Find the best matching node when there are multiple candidates
 */
function findBestMatch(
  ref: UnresolvedRef,
  candidates: Node[],
  _context: ResolutionContext
): Node | null {
  // Prioritization rules:
  // 1. Same file > different file
  // 2. Directory proximity (same module/package > different module)
  // 3. Same language > different language
  // 4. Functions/methods > classes/types (for call references)
  // 5. Exported > non-exported

  let bestScore = -1;
  let bestNode: Node | null = null;

  // Split the ref's path once (it's the same across every candidate) instead of
  // re-splitting it inside computePathProximity per candidate (#915 hot spot).
  const refDirs = ref.filePath.split('/');
  refDirs.pop();

  // A same-language candidate ALWAYS outscores a cross-language one: same-language
  // scores at least +50 (language bonus), while a cross-language candidate maxes
  // out at +35 (−80 language, +80 proximity, +25 kind, +10 exported; it can never
  // be in the same file). So when any same-language candidate exists, skip the
  // cross-language ones — provably the same winner, without paying the per-candidate
  // scoring. Cuts the candidate set to same-language size on mixed front-end +
  // back-end repos (#915). When ALL candidates are cross-language (a legitimate
  // cross-language `calls` bridge), none are skipped and behavior is unchanged.
  const hasSameLanguage = candidates.some((c) => c.language === ref.language);

  for (const candidate of candidates) {
    if (hasSameLanguage && candidate.language !== ref.language) continue;

    let score = 0;

    // Same file bonus
    if (candidate.filePath === ref.filePath) {
      score += 100;
    }

    // Directory proximity bonus — strongly prefer same module/package
    score += pathProximityFromDirs(refDirs, candidate.filePath);

    // Language matching: strongly prefer same language, penalize cross-language
    if (candidate.language === ref.language) {
      score += 50;
    } else {
      score -= 80;
    }

    // For call references, prefer functions/methods
    if (ref.referenceKind === 'calls') {
      if (candidate.kind === 'function' || candidate.kind === 'method') {
        score += 25;
      }
    }

    // For instantiation references (`new Foo()`), prefer class-like
    // targets — without this, a function named `Foo` in another module
    // could outscore the actual class.
    if (ref.referenceKind === 'instantiates') {
      if (
        candidate.kind === 'class' ||
        candidate.kind === 'struct' ||
        candidate.kind === 'union' ||
        candidate.kind === 'interface'
      ) {
        score += 25;
      }
    }

    // For decorator references (`@Foo`), prefer functions. Class
    // decorators (Python `@SomeClass`, Java annotation interfaces)
    // also resolve here, hence the smaller class bonus.
    if (ref.referenceKind === 'decorates') {
      if (candidate.kind === 'function' || candidate.kind === 'method') {
        score += 25;
      } else if (candidate.kind === 'class' || candidate.kind === 'interface') {
        score += 15;
      }
    }

    // Exported bonus
    if (candidate.isExported) {
      score += 10;
    }

    // Closer line number (within same file)
    if (candidate.filePath === ref.filePath && candidate.startLine) {
      const distance = Math.abs(candidate.startLine - ref.line);
      score += Math.max(0, 20 - distance / 10);
    }

    if (score > bestScore) {
      bestScore = score;
      bestNode = candidate;
    }
  }

  return bestNode;
}

/**
 * Fuzzy match - last resort with lower confidence
 */
export function matchFuzzy(
  ref: UnresolvedRef,
  context: ResolutionContext
): ResolvedRef | null {
  const lowerName = ref.referenceName.toLowerCase();

  // Use pre-built lowercase index for O(1) lookup instead of scanning all nodes
  const candidates = context.getNodesByLowerName(lowerName);

  // Filter to callable kinds only (function, method, class)
  const callableKinds = new Set(['function', 'method', 'class']);
  const callableCandidates = applyLanguageGate(candidates.filter((n) => callableKinds.has(n.kind)), ref);

  // Prefer same-language matches
  const sameLanguageCandidates = callableCandidates.filter(n => n.language === ref.language);
  const finalCandidates = sameLanguageCandidates.length > 0 ? sameLanguageCandidates : callableCandidates;

  if (finalCandidates.length === 1) {
    const isCrossLanguage = finalCandidates[0]!.language !== ref.language;
    return {
      original: ref,
      targetNodeId: finalCandidates[0]!.id,
      confidence: isCrossLanguage ? 0.3 : 0.5,
      resolvedBy: 'fuzzy',
    };
  }

  return null;
}

/**
 * Match all strategies in order of confidence
 */
/** ArkUI attribute-helper decorators a `.attr(...)` chain may resolve to. */
const ARKUI_ATTRIBUTE_DECORATORS = new Set(['Extend', 'Styles', 'AnimatableExtend', 'Builder']);

/**
 * CODEGRAPH_RESOLVE_PROFILE=2 sub-stage attribution for matchReference's
 * strategy pipeline (`nm:<stage>|<refKind>|hit/miss`). Module-global because
 * the matcher is a free function; each thread (main + every pool worker) has
 * its own module instance, and dumpNameMatcherProfile is invoked from
 * ReferenceResolver.dumpResolveProfile so worker tables surface too.
 */
const NM_PROFILE: Map<string, { n: number; ns: bigint }> | null =
  process.env.CODEGRAPH_RESOLVE_PROFILE === '2' ? new Map() : null;

function nmTimedT<T>(stage: string, ref: UnresolvedRef, fn: () => T): T {
  if (!NM_PROFILE) return fn();
  const t0 = process.hrtime.bigint();
  const r = fn();
  const dt = process.hrtime.bigint() - t0;
  const key = `nm:${stage}|${ref.referenceKind}|${r ? 'hit' : 'miss'}`;
  const slot = NM_PROFILE.get(key);
  if (slot) {
    slot.n++;
    slot.ns += dt;
  } else {
    NM_PROFILE.set(key, { n: 1, ns: dt });
  }
  return r;
}

function nmTimed(stage: string, ref: UnresolvedRef, fn: () => ResolvedRef | null): ResolvedRef | null {
  return nmTimedT(stage, ref, fn);
}

/** Dump this thread's matchReference sub-stage table to stderr (no-op unless =2). */
export function dumpNameMatcherProfile(label: string): void {
  if (!NM_PROFILE || NM_PROFILE.size === 0) return;
  const rows = [...NM_PROFILE.entries()]
    .map(([k, v]) => ({ k, n: v.n, ms: Number(v.ns / 1_000_000n) }))
    .sort((a, b) => b.ms - a.ms);
  for (const r of rows) {
    console.error(
      `[resolve-profile] ${label} ${r.k}: n=${r.n} total=${(r.ms / 1000).toFixed(1)}s avg=${((r.ms * 1000) / Math.max(1, r.n)).toFixed(0)}µs`
    );
  }
}

export function matchReference(
  ref: UnresolvedRef,
  context: ResolutionContext
): ResolvedRef | null {
  // Function-as-value refs (#756) resolve ONLY through the dedicated matcher —
  // never the fuzzy/qualified fallthrough below (a wrong callback edge is
  // worse than none).
  if (ref.referenceKind === 'function_ref') {
    return matchFunctionRef(ref, context);
  }

  // ArkTS chained UI attributes — emitted with a leading dot (`.titleStyle`,
  // `.width`) by the extractor — resolve ONLY to decorator-marked attribute
  // helpers: `@Extend`/`@Styles`/`@AnimatableExtend` functions (and global
  // `@Builder`s used attribute-position). Framework attributes (`.width`,
  // `.fontSize` — on nearly every UI line) match no such helper and stay
  // unresolved, NEVER falling through to bare-name matching: on a samples
  // monorepo that fallthrough manufactured 36k wrong edges, giving single
  // same-named properties thousands of false callers. Ambiguity rule matches
  // the rest of the file: several same-named helpers → prefer the call-site
  // file, still ambiguous → drop the ref rather than guess.
  if (ref.language === 'arkts' && ref.referenceName.startsWith('.')) {
    const base = ref.referenceName.slice(1);
    const candidates = context
      .getNodesByName(base)
      .filter(
        (n) =>
          n.language === 'arkts' &&
          n.kind === 'function' &&
          (n.decorators ?? []).some((d) => ARKUI_ATTRIBUTE_DECORATORS.has(d))
      );
    const chosen =
      candidates.length > 1 ? preferCallSiteFile(candidates, ref.filePath) : candidates;
    if (chosen.length !== 1) return null;
    return {
      original: ref,
      targetNodeId: chosen[0]!.id,
      confidence: 0.85,
      resolvedBy: 'exact-match',
    };
  }

  // Erlang `-behaviour(m)` refs target a MODULE. Letting them fall through to
  // bare-name matching grabs any same-named symbol — on emqx,
  // `-behaviour(supervisor)` resolved to a `-define(supervisor, …)` macro
  // constant in an unrelated app. Resolve only to the behaviour module's
  // namespace; an out-of-repo behaviour (OTP's gen_server/supervisor) stays
  // unresolved rather than guessed. The same module-only rule applies to every
  // ref an `.app`/`.app.src` resource file emits — its `{mod, …}` callback and
  // `{applications, …}` dependency names can only mean modules, and on emqx
  // the `ssl` OTP app otherwise resolved to a test helper FUNCTION named ssl.
  if (
    ref.language === 'erlang' &&
    (ref.referenceKind === 'implements' || /\.app(?:\.src)?$/i.test(ref.filePath))
  ) {
    const modules = context
      .getNodesByName(ref.referenceName)
      .filter((n) => n.language === 'erlang' && n.kind === 'namespace');
    const chosen = preferCallSiteFile(modules, ref.filePath)[0];
    if (!chosen) return null;
    return {
      original: ref,
      targetNodeId: chosen.id,
      confidence: 0.9,
      resolvedBy: 'exact-match',
    };
  }

  // Try strategies in order of confidence
  let result: ResolvedRef | null;

  // 0. File path match (e.g., "snippets/drawer-menu.liquid" → file node)
  result = nmTimed('filePath', ref, () => matchByFilePath(ref, context));
  if (result) return result;

  // 1. Qualified name match (highest confidence)
  result = nmTimed('qualifiedName', ref, () => matchByQualifiedName(ref, context));
  if (result) return result;

  // 1b. C++ chained call whose receiver is another call — `Foo::instance().bar()`
  // encoded as `Foo::instance().bar` by the extractor (#645). Resolve the
  // receiver's type from what the inner call returns, then the method on it.
  if (ref.language === 'cpp' || ref.language === 'c') {
    result = nmTimed('cppChain', ref, () => matchCppCallChain(ref, context));
    if (result) return result;
  }

  // 1c. `::`-scoped factory chain — PHP `Cls::for($x)->method()` (#608) or Rust
  // `Foo::new().bar()`, both encoded as `Cls::factory().method`. The receiver's
  // type is the factory's `self` (PHP `: self`/`: static`, Rust `-> Self`) or
  // concrete return type.
  if (ref.language === 'php' || ref.language === 'rust') {
    result = nmTimed('scopedChain', ref, () => matchScopedCallChain(ref, context));
    if (result) return result;
  }

  // 1d. Dotted chained static-factory / fluent call (Java / Kotlin / C# / Swift /
  // Go / Scala / Dart / Objective-C) — `Foo.getInstance().bar()` encoded as
  // `Foo.getInstance().bar`, Go's bare-factory `New().Method()` as `New().Method`,
  // Scala's companion factory, Dart's static factory / factory-constructor, or
  // ObjC's chained message send `[[Foo create] doIt]` encoded as `Foo.create().doIt`
  // (#645/#608 mechanism). Resolve the method's class from the inner call's
  // declared return type, then validate it.
  if (
    ref.language === 'java' ||
    ref.language === 'kotlin' ||
    ref.language === 'csharp' ||
    ref.language === 'swift' ||
    ref.language === 'go' ||
    ref.language === 'scala' ||
    ref.language === 'dart' ||
    ref.language === 'objc' ||
    ref.language === 'pascal'
  ) {
    result = nmTimed('dottedChain', ref, () => matchDottedCallChain(ref, context));
    if (result) return result;
  }

  // 2. Method call pattern
  result = nmTimed('methodCall', ref, () => matchMethodCall(ref, context));
  if (result) return result;

  // 3. Exact name match
  result = nmTimed('exactName', ref, () => matchByExactName(ref, context));
  if (result) return result;

  // 4. Fuzzy match (lowest confidence)
  result = nmTimed('fuzzy', ref, () => matchFuzzy(ref, context));
  if (result) return result;

  return null;
}